Exam Questions (must select TWO)
1. Considerable debate surrounds the use of indeterminate sentencing and discretionary parole release. In fact, many states have “abolished” parole in favor of mandatory
release policies or other alternatives. Based on the assigned readings (and outside resources as needed), identify and briefly explain at least two pros and two cons of
indeterminate sentencing/discretionary parole release. After identifying pros and cons, make an empirically-informed argument regarding if/how discretionary parole release
should be used in the corrections system. (Note: If you argue against discretionary parole, be sure to identify which alternative model you support and provide empirical
support for your position).
2. Probation represents the most common form of correctional control. First, briefly explain the stated purposes) of probation as a correctional sanction. Second, briefly discuss
how probation has changed or evolved over time (e.g., different practices, approaches, staffing, roles, etc.). Finally, discuss the contemporary use of probation in the United
States. Is probation an effective alternative to incarceration? Are probation reforms needed? What reforms are most needed and why?
3. The risk, needs, responsivity (RNR) model has emerged as a primary framework for moving research into practice in corrections. First, identify and briefly summarize the three
core principles of the RNR model. Second, briefly summarize the empirical support that compares the effectiveness of programs that adhere to the principles relative to those
that do not. Finally, based on the evidence reviewed, briefly describe a fictional (or real) correctional treatment program that adheres to all three of the RNR principles. (Note:
be sure to make clear links between program components and the specific RNR principles).
4. Recent social justice and political movements have called for considerable criminal justice reform. Many reformers have called for major changes to the correctional system.
Based on what you have learned this semester, identify and briefly summarize one potentially promising correctional reform that you believe may be effective. First, briefly
explain the reform and identify specific reform goals. Second, argue, using empirical evidence, why you think this reform will be effective. Finally, argue why the reform may
NOT be effective (e.g., lack of buy-in from front-line staff, cost-effectiveness).
