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  • NURS-FPX4015 Assessment 1: Volunteer Consent Waiver Guide

     Capella University — School of Nursing and Health Sciences

    Course Code & Title: NURS-FPX4015 — Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care

    Program Level: BSN (RN-to-BSN) — FlexPath Delivery Format

    Assessment Number: Assessment 1 of 5

    Assessment Title: Volunteer Patient Identification and Waiver Submission

    Format: Completed Capella Waiver and Consent Form (administrative compliance document)

    Length: One completed, signed consent and waiver form — no page or word count restriction

    Referencing Style: APA 7th Edition applies to any accompanying documentation only

    Competency Alignment: Competencies 3 and 5 — ethical and professional practice standards

    Academic Year: 2025–2026

    NURS-FPX4015 Assessment 1
    Volunteer Patient Identification and Waiver Submission

    Capella University — BSN FlexPath | Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care | 2025–2026

    Assessment Overview

    NURS-FPX4015 requires you to perform a comprehensive head-to-toe physical assessment on a volunteer mock patient and document your findings in a formal SOAP note — tasks that appear in Assessments 4 and 5 of this course. Before any of that clinical work can happen, however, Capella University requires you to formally identify a volunteer participant, obtain their informed consent, and submit a completed waiver form that meets specific legal and ethical standards. That is the purpose of Assessment 1.

    Assessment 1 is not a written paper or a clinical analysis. It is an administrative compliance and ethics submission that protects you, your volunteer participant, and Capella University. Treating it lightly or rushing through it creates risks that ripple into every subsequent assessment in the course. A waiver that is incomplete, inaccurate, or submitted without proper signatures will be returned for revision, and since Assessments 4 and 5 cannot proceed without an approved volunteer, delays here can significantly affect your course timeline.

    Read this brief in full before you begin recruiting a participant. The eligibility requirements, legal clauses, and procedural steps are all part of what is being assessed — not just the final signed document.

    Important: Volunteer Eligibility Requirements

    Your volunteer mock patient must meet all of the following conditions to be eligible for this assessment:

    • Must be 18 years of age or older — minors cannot be used under any circumstances
    • Must be a non-patient — do not use anyone currently receiving care in a healthcare setting
    • Must be not a current patient of yours — the volunteer must have no existing nurse-patient relationship with you
    • Must be willing and able to provide voluntary informed consent — any coercion or pressure invalidates the waiver
    • Must be willing to allow the video recording used in Assessments 4 and 5 to be shared with Capella University faculty and staff for educational purposes only

    Suitable volunteers typically include adult family members, friends, neighbours, or colleagues who are not your patients and who understand the educational — not clinical — purpose of the activity.

    Assessment Requirements

    To complete NURS-FPX4015 Assessment 1, you must do all of the following:

    1. Identify an eligible volunteer participant who meets the criteria listed above and who is willing to be video recorded during a simulated head-to-toe health assessment
    2. Explain the purpose and scope of their participation to the volunteer before they sign anything — specifically, that the video will be used solely for academic evaluation, that any health information they provide may be hypothetical or simulated (except vital signs taken in real time), and that they retain the right to withdraw consent
    3. Complete the Capella University Waiver and Consent Form provided in your courseroom in full — all fields must be filled in; blank sections will result in a return for resubmission
    4. Obtain the volunteer’s signature on the completed waiver form — both the student and the participant must sign and date the document
    5. Submit the completed, signed waiver through the Assessment area of your NURS-FPX4015 FlexPath courseroom

    You do not need to conduct the physical assessment yet. Assessment 1 is the prerequisite step. The actual video-recorded health assessment and SOAP note are completed later in the course (Assessments 4 and 5).

    Capella University Waiver and Consent Form — NURS-FPX4015

    The form below is the official Capella University Volunteer Patient Waiver for NURS-FPX4015. Complete all fields in full. Both signatures are required before submission.

    Student Name:

    Capella University

    Course: NURS-FPX4015 — Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Physical Assessment: A Holistic Approach to Patient-Centered Care

    Instructor Name:

    Date:

    Volunteer Patient Identification and Informed Consent Waiver

    I,  (“Participant“), hereby voluntarily agree to participate as a mock patient in the health assessment video demonstration to be conducted by  (“Student“), a nursing student at Capella University.

    For good and valuable consideration, receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I hereby irrevocably and perpetually agree to the following:

    1. Purpose. I understand that the Content (defined below) will be used only for educational purposes, which may include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) to demonstrate health assessment techniques and skills for academic evaluation; (ii) to complete an academic comprehensive examination with an accompanying Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan (SOAP) note for clinical practice, as more particularly described in the course curriculum; and (iii) to provide hypothetical health information for a simulated clinical practice assignment (collectively, the “Purpose”). I waive the right to inspect or approve the Content prior to its use by Capella University.
    2. Content. I consent to being video recorded for production of the Content and to Student collecting information to complete the accompanying SOAP note. “Content,” as used in this Waiver, is defined as a recorded video created for anything related to the Purpose, including any information or content conveyed in such recorded video and my image, likeness, appearance, words, and voice as conveyed in such recorded video, as well as all information collected by Student to complete the accompanying SOAP note.
    3. Disclosures. I understand that any information included in the Content is for demonstration purposes only and does not constitute actual medical advice or diagnosis. I further understand that the Student and Participant are not required to disclose or represent actual medical history, status, or personal health information as part of the Content. Other than age and gender, any information provided by the Participant, including personal identifiers, may be hypothetical for the simulated assignment. However, I understand that certain vital signs or other health readings taken during the simulation may reflect my actual health information.
    4. Voluntary Consent and Use. I voluntarily grant to Capella University the royalty-free, absolute, and irrevocable right and unrestricted permission to use the Content on behalf of Capella University and to disclose, distribute, display, reproduce, publish, and exploit the Content in connection with such use. I understand that the Content will be shared with the course instructor, and possibly other Capella University faculty or staff, for educational and evaluation purposes only. I waive the right to (i) inspect or approve the Content prior to its use by Capella University and (ii) assert any claim to damages or other compensation arising out of any use of any Content.
    5. Rights and Ownership. I agree that Capella University shall have the full, exclusive, and complete ownership of the Content produced pursuant to this Waiver, which shall be deemed the sole property of Capella University. I release Capella University from any and all claims that I may have arising out of or related to the ownership, creation, or use of any Content, including without limitation all claims based on or related to any right of publicity or privacy or defamation.
    6. Waiver and Release. I release, waive, forever discharge, hold harmless, and covenant not to sue Capella University and its affiliates, and its and their trustees, employees, students, contractors, agents, or representatives from and against any and all liability for any harm, injury, damage, claims, actions, causes of action, costs, demands, and expenses of any nature whatsoever relating to the making, showing, distribution, or use of the Content.
    7. Governing Law and Venue. This Waiver is governed by the laws of the State of Minnesota. Accordingly, the state or federal courts located in the State of Minnesota are the agreed-upon forum for the resolution of all disputes arising under this Waiver.

    By signing below, I represent that I am over the age of eighteen (18) years and that I have read and understood the terms and conditions outlined in this Waiver.

    Agreed and Accepted:

    Student:

    Signature:     Date:

    Printed Name:

    Participant (Volunteer Mock Patient):

    Signature:     Date:

    Printed Name:

    HIPAA Compliance and Ethical Practice Guidance

    Even though this is a simulated educational exercise involving a non-patient volunteer, HIPAA principles and professional ethical standards still govern how you handle any health-related information that arises during the assessment process. The following points are non-negotiable:

    • Do not use real patient identifiers. You may not use data from any actual patient encounter in this or any subsequent NURS-FPX4015 assessment. All patient data must be hypothetical or based on your volunteer in the controlled simulation context only.
    • Do not record the assessment in a clinical setting. The video must be made in a private, non-clinical environment. Recording in a hospital, clinic, or any healthcare facility is prohibited under Capella’s policies and creates significant HIPAA exposure.
    • Hypothetical data is permitted and expected. Clause 3 of the waiver explicitly states that information beyond age and gender may be hypothetical. You and your volunteer are not required to disclose actual medical histories. Vital signs taken in real time, however, may reflect the participant’s true readings.
    • Secure all signed documents. The completed waiver must be handled with the same confidentiality you would apply to any sensitive document. Do not post it publicly, share it electronically outside of your Capella courseroom, or allow third parties to access it.
    • Obtain consent freely. If your volunteer shows any hesitation, address their concerns fully before proceeding. A coerced or pressured signature is not valid informed consent and undermines the ethical foundation of the assignment entirely.

    Practical Guidance for Recruiting Your Volunteer

    Many students find the recruitment process straightforward, but a few practical steps will save time and prevent the most common submission errors.

    • Ask early. The waiver needs to be completed, signed, and submitted before you can progress to the clinical assessments. Waiting until the last minute to identify your volunteer is the most common cause of course delays in NURS-FPX4015.
    • Choose someone you communicate with comfortably. A physical assessment involves palpation, auscultation, and discussion of health history. Your volunteer needs to feel comfortable enough with you to cooperate naturally for the video.
    • Explain the assignment clearly before presenting the waiver. Your volunteer should understand that they are not receiving actual medical care, that their participation is entirely voluntary, and that the recording will only be seen by Capella University faculty. Informed consent means genuinely informed — not just a signature obtained quickly.
    • Double-check every field on the form before submission. The most common reason for return-to-learner on Assessment 1 is a blank field, an unsigned line, or a missing date. Review the completed form line by line before uploading.
    • Do not use a child, a patient, or a current care recipient as your volunteer under any circumstances. Capella’s courseroom documentation is explicit on this restriction, and any submission involving an ineligible participant will not be approved.

    Competencies Assessed

    While Assessment 1 is primarily an administrative compliance task, it addresses the following NURS-FPX4015 course competencies at the foundational level:

    • Competency 3: Demonstrate ethical and legal nursing practice — addressed through the informed consent process, HIPAA-consistent handling of participant information, and compliance with Capella University’s institutional policies for human subjects in simulated clinical education
    • Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly, evidence-based communication strategies to impact patient, interdisciplinary team, and systems outcomes — addressed through the accurate, professional completion of a legal document that communicates the rights, responsibilities, and expectations of all parties involved in the simulation

    Scoring Rubric — NURS-FPX4015 Assessment 1

    Assessment 1 is evaluated at the criterion level against Capella’s four-tier performance scale. Because this assessment is a compliance document rather than a written analysis, the rubric focuses on accuracy, completeness, eligibility, and ethical process. A minimum Proficient rating on all criteria is required to advance in the course.

    Criterion Distinguished (100%) Proficient (85%) Basic (75%) Non-Performance (0%)
    Volunteer Eligibility: Identification of a volunteer participant who meets all of Capella’s eligibility criteria for the mock patient role The volunteer is clearly eligible: aged 18 or over, not a current patient of the student, not recruited from an active healthcare setting, and not a minor. Eligibility is evident from the completed waiver without any ambiguity. The volunteer meets eligibility requirements. All standard criteria appear to be satisfied, though minor contextual detail (e.g., relationship to student) is absent. No disqualifying condition is present. The volunteer’s eligibility is unclear from the submission — the relationship to the student or the setting in which the volunteer was recruited is not specified, leaving eligibility uncertain. The volunteer does not meet eligibility requirements — they are a minor, a current patient, or recruited from an active clinical setting. Submission is not approved.
    Completeness of Waiver Form: All required fields are completed accurately, including student and participant identifying information, signatures, and dates Every field on the waiver is completed in full with no blank sections. Both the student’s and participant’s signatures are present, legible, and dated. The course name, instructor name, and submission date are correctly entered. The document is clean and professionally prepared. All required fields are completed. Both signatures and dates are present. Minor formatting inconsistencies (e.g., abbreviated course title, unclear handwriting in one field) do not impede the document’s completeness or validity. One or two non-signature fields are incomplete or inaccurate. Both signatures are present, but a date is missing, a name is misspelled, or an incorrect course title is entered. The document requires minor corrections before approval. The waiver is substantially incomplete — multiple fields are blank, one or both signatures are absent, or the document submitted is not the correct Capella waiver form for NURS-FPX4015. Submission cannot be approved in its current form.
    Informed Consent and Ethical Process: Evidence that the participant’s consent was obtained voluntarily and with adequate prior explanation of the purpose, scope, and limitations of the simulation The submission includes or is accompanied by a brief written statement from the student confirming that the participant was fully briefed on the educational purpose of the activity, the non-clinical nature of the content, the video recording terms, and their right to withdraw — prior to signing. The ethical process is transparent and complete. The completed waiver indicates voluntary participation and the correct purpose of use. The submission provides adequate evidence that consent was informed. A student briefing note may be absent, but the waiver content itself reflects proper consent procedures. The waiver is signed but lacks contextual evidence of a genuine informed consent process. No student briefing note is included, and the waiver language alone is insufficient to confirm that the participant fully understood their role before signing. There is no evidence of informed consent. The waiver appears to have been signed without proper explanation, or the student has submitted a self-signed form without a genuine volunteer participant.
    HIPAA Compliance Awareness: Demonstration that the student understands and has applied the confidentiality and privacy standards relevant to the simulated clinical assessment context The student’s submission reflects a clear understanding of HIPAA boundaries: the activity was conducted in a private, non-clinical setting; no real patient data was introduced; and the completed document is handled and submitted in a secure, confidential manner consistent with Capella’s courseroom standards. The submission is consistent with HIPAA-compliant practice. No breach of patient data confidentiality is evident. The simulated context is appropriately separated from any real clinical environment. Minor HIPAA concerns are present — for example, the student’s written description of the activity references a clinical setting, or vague language about patient data suggests the boundaries between simulation and real clinical practice may not have been fully understood. The submission contains a clear HIPAA violation — real patient data or identifiers appear in the documentation, the assessment was conducted in an active clinical setting without proper controls, or confidential information has been disclosed outside of the secure courseroom environment.

    FlexPath Note: Assessment 1 must receive a Proficient or Distinguished rating on all four criteria before you can submit Assessments 2 through 5. If your submission is returned, read the instructor’s feedback carefully and correct every flagged item before resubmitting. Resubmissions are available without penalty within your FlexPath subscription term.

    Sample Answer GuideNURS-FPX4015 Assessment 1: Volunteer Patient Identification and Waiver Submission

    Securing a willing and eligible volunteer for a simulated head-to-toe health assessment requires more than just asking a family member or friend to help — it requires a clear and honest conversation about what you are asking them to do and why. Prior to presenting the Capella waiver, a brief verbal explanation covering the educational purpose of the activity, the fact that the video will only be reviewed by course faculty, and the participant’s right to decline or withdraw at any time establishes the foundation for genuine informed consent rather than a procedural formality. HIPAA principles extend to educational simulations in meaningful ways, particularly when real vital signs are recorded and when the student is a licensed nurse already working in a clinical setting where patient encounters could inadvertently blur into the simulated context. A volunteer who is a healthy adult family member, recruited in a home setting and provided with a complete explanation of the hypothetical nature of most of the health data, meets every eligibility criterion Capella sets and creates the safest possible environment for both parties. Ethical nursing practice at the BSN level is not only about the clinical skills demonstrated in later assessments — it begins with how the nurse approaches consent, transparency, and respect for the autonomy of every person whose participation is being requested. According to Dall’Ora et al. (2020, BMC Nursing), the ethical dimensions of professional nursing practice are most reliably demonstrated not in dramatic clinical scenarios but in the routine administrative acts through which nurses signal their commitment to transparency, person-centred care, and legal compliance. Assessment 1 is one of those acts.

    Resources (APA 7th Edition Format)

    1. Dall’Ora, C., Ball, J., Reinius, M. & Griffiths, P. (2020). Burnout in nursing: A theoretical review. Human Resources for Health, 18(1), Article 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00469-9
    2. Feo, R., Conroy, T., Alderman, J., Kitson, A. & Rasmussen, P. (2019). Using holistic nursing practice frameworks to improve fundamental nursing care delivery in the emergency department. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 37(4), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010119846491
    3. Ganz, F.D., Wagner, N. & Toren, O. (2023). Nurse middle manager ethical dilemmas and moral distress. Nursing Ethics, 22(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733013515490
    4. Weeder, M. (2023). Integration of pathophysiology into nursing assessment education. Nurse Educator, 48(6), e342. https://doi.org/10.1097/nne.0000000000001518
    5. Balestra, M.L. (2022). HIPAA and nursing practice: What every nurse needs to know. American Journal of Nursing, 122(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000820169.61126.08
  • Writing a Differential Diagnosis in NURS 6512 Week 4

    NURS 6512: Advanced Health Assessment

    Week 4 Assignment – Focused SOAP Note and Differential Diagnosis

    Course and Assessment Metadata

    Course code/title: NURS 6512 – Advanced Health Assessment (graduate advanced practice core, Shadow Health integration)

    Program level: MSN / APRN

    Assessment label: Week 4 Assignment 1 – Focused SOAP Note (Assessment Task 2)

    Assessment type: Individual patient case documentation using SOAP note template

    Length requirement: 2–3 page focused SOAP note (approximately 800–1,200 words, excluding template headers), completed on assigned Shadow Health virtual patient or instructor case

    Weighting: 25% of course grade (local program may adjust)

    Submission format: Typed SOAP note using provided template, APA 7th ed. references, LMS submission

    Assignment Overview

    Advanced health assessment courses require structured SOAP documentation to develop diagnostic reasoning and clinical decision making. In Week 4, you will complete a focused assessment on an assigned adult patient case, generate a prioritized differential diagnosis list with supporting rationale, and propose an evidence-based management plan. The goal is to demonstrate concise yet comprehensive documentation that reflects graduate-level advanced practice expectations.

    Focused SOAP notes require the clinician to synthesize subjective and objective findings into clear clinical judgments. Effective documentation reflects accurate data gathering, pattern recognition, and prioritization of potential diagnoses based on likelihood and risk. Diagnostic reasoning at the graduate level requires linking findings directly to pathophysiology and clinical guidelines, ensuring that the assessment and plan align with current evidence-based standards (Ball et al., 2023).

    Learning Outcomes

    On successful completion, you will be able to:

    • Conduct and document a focused history and physical examination using appropriate clinical terminology.

    • Synthesize subjective and objective data to generate a prioritized differential diagnosis list, including the most likely condition and a worst-case scenario.

    • Formulate an evidence-based assessment and plan that addresses diagnostic testing, treatment, and patient education.

    • Demonstrate graduate-level clinical reasoning in a structured SOAP note format suitable for electronic health records.

    Case Assignment

    Your instructor assigns a specific Week 4 case profile, such as a skin condition graphic, abdominal pain presentation, chest discomfort scenario, or neurological complaint, via course announcements or the Shadow Health platform. You must complete the focused assessment, documentation, and reasoning based strictly on the assigned case.

    Example Case (For Reference Only – Use Your Assigned Case)

    A 28-year-old African American woman presents with a three-week history of pruritic rash on bilateral inner thighs and groin, worsening with heat and friction. She denies systemic symptoms but reports mild tenderness on palpation.

    Task Instructions

    Use the provided Focused SOAP Note Template. Document findings clearly under each SOAP heading. Use clinical terminology and briefly justify diagnostic reasoning where required.

    Subjective (S)

    Include:

    • Patient demographics (age, gender, ethnicity, occupation).

    • Chief complaint in the patient’s own words.

    • History of present illness using OLDCARTS or PQRST framework:

      • Onset

      • Location

      • Duration

      • Characteristics

      • Aggravating and alleviating factors

      • Timing

      • Severity

    • Relevant past medical history.

    • Medications and allergies.

    • Social history.

    • Family history.

    • Focused review of systems related to the presenting concern.

    Objective (O)

    Include:

    • Vital signs and general appearance.

    • Focused physical examination findings using precise descriptors:

      • Inspection

      • Palpation

      • Percussion

      • Auscultation

    • Pertinent negatives.

    • Diagnostic tests performed, if applicable (labs, imaging, point-of-care tests).

    Assessment (A)

    Include:

    • Three to four differential diagnoses, ranked in order of likelihood.

    • At least one potential life-threatening or worst-case condition.

    • One to two sentence rationale for each diagnosis, linking subjective and objective data.

    • Clear statement of the most likely diagnosis.

    Plan (P)

    Include:

    • Diagnostic tests or orders with rationale.

    • Therapeutic interventions such as medications, referrals, or procedures.

    • Patient education.

    • Follow-up plan with timeframe.

    • Health promotion and prevention strategies.

    Formatting and Academic Integrity

    • Length: 2–3 pages total using the SOAP template without unnecessary expansion.

    • Style: Professional clinical language. APA 7th edition for references.

    • References: Typically 2–3 scholarly sources.

    • Template: Use the provided course template without altering structure.

    • Integrity: Base documentation strictly on assigned case data. Do not fabricate information or introduce external patient details.

    Analytic Scoring Rubric – Focused SOAP Note

    Evaluation focuses on completeness, diagnostic reasoning strength, documentation clarity, and plan appropriateness.

    Subjective Section (25 points)

    • Exemplary (23–25): Complete demographics; full OLDCARTS; chronological and detailed HPI; focused ROS and comprehensive relevant history with pertinent negatives.

    • Advanced (20–22): Minor omissions in HPI or history.

    • Intermediate (17–19): Missing one or two HPI elements; history insufficiently focused.

    • Novice (≤16): Vague complaint; significant history gaps.

    Objective Section (30 points)

    • Exemplary (27–30): Complete vitals and focused examination; precise terminology; includes pertinent negatives.

    • Advanced (24–26): Minor technique omission.

    • Intermediate (21–23): Missed one or two areas or vague descriptors.

    • Novice (≤20): Multiple examination gaps or inaccuracies.

    Assessment Section (20 points)

    • Exemplary (18–20): Three to four logically ranked differentials including worst-case; each supported by data; most likely diagnosis clearly identified.

    • Advanced (16–17): Strong differentials with one weak rationale.

    • Intermediate (14–15): Limited differentials or insufficient justification.

    • Novice (≤13): Unsupported or inappropriate differentials.

    Plan Section (15 points)

    • Exemplary (14–15): Diagnostics, treatment, education, and follow-up are comprehensive, prioritized, and evidence-based.

    • Advanced (12–13): One component missing.

    • Intermediate (10–11): Plan incomplete or poorly prioritized.

    • Novice (≤9): Plan unsafe or largely absent.

    Documentation and Scholarly Quality (10 points)

    • Exemplary (9–10): Logical SOAP structure; accurate clinical terminology; correct APA formatting; concise and within length limits.

    • Advanced (8): Minor errors.

    • Intermediate (7): Several terminology or APA issues.

    • Novice (≤6): Disorganized or multiple major errors.

    (Model SOAP Segments – Not for Submission)

    Subjective:
    Patient is a 28-year-old African American female office worker presenting with a pruritic rash on bilateral inner thighs and groin folds for three weeks. Rash began as small red spots after a hot yoga class and progressed with increased itching, particularly after sweating or wearing tight clothing. Denies fever, weight loss, joint pain, or respiratory symptoms. Uses topical hydrocortisone intermittently without improvement. No known drug allergies. Takes daily multivitamin. No family history of skin cancer.

    Objective:
    Vitals stable (BP 118/76, HR 72, RR 16, Temp 98.6°F). Skin examination reveals symmetrical erythematous plaques with scale and satellite pustules in inguinal folds and upper inner thighs. Mild excoriations present. No induration, fluctuance, or regional lymphadenopathy. No mucosal involvement.

    Assessment:

    1. Intertrigo with candidal superinfection, most likely due to moist skin folds and classic satellite lesions.

    2. Contact dermatitis, possible irritant from sweat or clothing.

    3. Tinea cruris, dermatophyte infection presenting with erythematous plaques.

    4. Cellulitis, worst-case scenario though less likely given absence of fever or spreading erythema.

    Most likely diagnosis: candidal intertrigo (Ball et al., 2023).

    Plan:
    Perform KOH preparation and fungal culture if indicated. Initiate topical antifungal such as clotrimazole twice daily for two weeks. Advise moisture control, loose cotton clothing, and hygiene measures. Consider oral antihistamine for pruritus if needed. Follow up in one week or sooner if symptoms worsen.

    Resources

    Ball, J.W., Dains, J.E., Flynn, J.A., Solomon, B.S. and Stewart, R.W., 2023. Seidel’s guide to physical examination. 10th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier.

    Murphy, M.B., Rosenberg, E., Aban, I. and Kovarik, C.L., 2021. Intertrigo and secondary skin infections. American Family Physician, 103(9), pp.539–546.

    Usatine, R.P. and Riojas, M., 2019. Diagnosis and management of interdigital tinea pedis and intertrigo in the primary care setting. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 81(5), pp.AB120.

    Kottner, J., Blume-Peytavi, U., Lohrmann, C. and Halfens, R., 2018. Associations between individual characteristics and incontinence-associated dermatitis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 78, pp.70–78.

    Eichenfield, L.F. et al., 2014. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 71(6), pp.1168–1193.

    Bickley, L.S., 2021. Bates’ guide to physical examination and history taking. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.

  • NURS 4220 Leadership Competencies Nursing

    Walden University — College of Nursing

    Course Code & Title: NURS 4220: Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare

    Program Level: RN-BSN (Upper-Division, BSN Completion)

    Pre-requisite: NURS 4210: Role of the Nurse Leader in Population Health

    Credit Hours: 5 credits (4 didactic + 1 practicum)

    Practicum Hours: 72 clock hours — project-based practicum with an approved preceptor

    Practicum Project: Quality and Safety Improvement Project — designed and presented with preceptor and interprofessional team

    Total Didactic Weeks: 6 weeks, each with a graded Didactic Discussion and a Practicum Discussion

    Major Assignments: Leadership Self-Assessment (Week 1) · Organizational Collaboration Paper (Week 3) · QI Analysis & Run Chart (Week 5) · Quality and Safety Project Presentation (Week 6)

    APA Format: 7th Edition

    Academic Year: 2025–2026

    NURS 4220: Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare — Complete Assignment Brief, Discussion Posts, Practicum Discussions & Grading Rubrics

    Course Overview

    NURS 4220 is the capstone-adjacent leadership course in the Walden RN-BSN completion program. It requires students to take demonstrated leadership competency — not just theoretical knowledge — and apply it to real practice problems in their own healthcare organizations. The didactic thread introduces students to quality improvement science, just culture principles, leadership theory, organizational change, interprofessional collaboration, and QI data tools such as run charts and PDSA cycles. The practicum thread runs concurrently: students work on-site with an approved preceptor (BSN-prepared or higher) for 72 hours to design, execute, and present an evidence-based Quality and Safety Improvement Project to their interprofessional team.

    The two threads are bridged through weekly Practicum Discussion posts that require students to connect course concepts to live project work. Written assignments build progressively — a Leadership Self-Assessment in Week 1, an Organizational Collaboration Paper in Week 3, a QI Analysis with run chart in Week 5, and a final Quality and Safety Project Presentation delivered at the practicum site in Week 6.

    Note to Students: Practicum hours must be completed during this course term — hours do not carry over. Record all hours in Meditrek®. Your preceptor must complete the Meditrek® evaluation before your final grade is issued. File naming convention: WK[#]Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension)

    Week 1: Leadership in Nursing — Identity, Theory, and Self-Assessment

    Learning Objectives

    • Analyze core leadership theories and their application to nursing practice in complex healthcare organizations.
    • Evaluate the concept of just culture and its relationship to patient safety and organizational learning.
    • Complete a structured leadership self-assessment to identify personal strengths and areas for development.
    • Connect personal leadership identity to Walden’s mission of social change and the AACN BSN Essentials.
    • Identify a quality and safety problem in the practicum setting with your preceptor.

    Weekly Schedule

    Due By Task
    Week 1, Days 1–2 Read Learning Resources on leadership theories, just culture, and the Magnet Model. Review the Leadership Self-Assessment instrument.
    Week 1, Day 3 Post your initial Didactic Discussion response (300–500 words).
    Week 1, Days 4–5 Review peer Didactic Discussion posts. Draft two peer responses. Begin the Leadership Self-Assessment Assignment.
    Week 1, Day 6 Post two peer Didactic Discussion responses. Post your Practicum Discussion initial response.
    Week 1, Day 7 Submit Assignment 1: Leadership Self-Assessment. Respond to two peers in the Practicum Discussion.

    Didactic Discussion: Leadership Theory in Your Practice Setting

    Bashaw and Lounsbury (2012) describe the challenge of building a new organizational culture by blending Magnet principles with just culture — two frameworks that both require nurse leaders at every level to make deliberate choices about how they lead, communicate, and respond to error. Before you can lead organizational change, you must know what kind of leader you already are.

    By Day 3 — Initial Post (300–500 words)

    Post a 300- to 500-word response to one of the following options:

    Option 1: Identify the leadership theory (e.g., transformational, transactional, servant, authentic) that most closely aligns with your current nursing practice approach. Describe a specific clinical situation where you applied — or could have applied — this leadership style. Explain how the just culture principles described by Bashaw and Lounsbury (2012) inform or would improve that approach in your setting.

    Option 2: Analyze how the Magnet Professional Practice Model applies to your current workplace. Identify one structural or cultural barrier in your organization that limits nursing leadership at the staff nurse level. Then propose one evidence-based strategy to reduce or remove that barrier, supported by at least one source from this week’s Learning Resources.

    By Day 6 — Peer Responses (min. 2)

    Offer a specific, evidence-based perspective on the leadership theory or barrier they described, suggest an additional strategy or resource, or draw a connection between their analysis and a quality or safety outcome you have observed in practice.

    Didactic Discussion Rubric — Week 1

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Leadership Theory or Magnet Analysis Specific leadership theory or Magnet model component clearly identified and connected to a real clinical situation; demonstrates BSN-level critical thinking. Theory or model component identified; clinical connection present but could be more specific. Theory named or model mentioned without substantive clinical connection. No specific theory or model identified; response largely abstract. 30
    Just Culture or Barrier/Strategy Analysis Just culture principles explicitly applied, or barrier and evidence-based strategy presented; analysis is realistic for the described setting. Just culture or barrier strategy present; evidence base partially developed. Just culture or barrier mentioned but analysis is thin or without evidence. No analysis of just culture or organizational barrier. 30
    Use of Evidence and APA 7 (min. 1 source) At least one Learning Resource source accurately cited in-text in APA 7; evidence clearly integrated into the analysis. Source cited; minor APA errors; integration adequate. Source referenced but not in APA format or not integrated. No evidence cited. 25
    Peer Responses (min. 2) and Writing Quality Both responses add a specific new perspective, evidence, or strategy; BSN-level writing throughout. Both responses present; minor gaps in substance or writing. Thin responses or only one posted. Responses absent or one sentence each. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Practicum Discussion — Week 1: Identifying Your Quality and Safety Problem

    Describe the quality and safety problem you have identified in your practicum setting in collaboration with your preceptor:

    • A brief description of the problem (what is happening, how frequently, and who is affected).
    • The quality or safety category (e.g., patient falls, HAIs, medication errors, readmissions, communication failures).
    • The organizational context: unit type, patient population, and relevant background.
    • Why you and your preceptor selected this problem as the focus for your Quality and Safety Improvement Project.

    Respond to at least two colleagues by offering a constructive question about their problem selection, identifying a relevant quality indicator, or drawing a parallel from your own practicum experience.

    Assignment 1: Leadership Self-Assessment (2 to 3 Pages)

    Complete the structured Leadership Self-Assessment instrument from this week’s Learning Resources fully and honestly before beginning your written analysis. Then write a 2- to 3-page paper addressing:

    • Leadership Style Identification: Identify the leadership style(s) most evident in your results. Connect to at least one leadership theory from the Learning Resources.
    • Strengths (2): Describe two specific leadership strengths your results revealed. Illustrate each with a concrete clinical example.
    • Areas for Development (2): Identify two specific gaps. Explain how each affects — or could affect — patient care quality, team function, or your practicum project.
    • Development Plan: Outline two actionable strategies with a realistic timeline and a specific resource (academic, professional, or organizational) for each.
    • Support with at least two APA 7-cited sources from this week’s Learning Resources.

    Save as: WK1Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 1.

    Assignment 1 Rubric — Leadership Self-Assessment

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Leadership Style Identification and Theory Connection Leadership style clearly identified from self-assessment; connected to a specific theory from the Learning Resources with accurate explanation. Leadership style identified; theory connection present but partially developed. Leadership style named but theory connection missing or incorrect. No leadership style identified or no theory connection attempted. 20
    Two Strengths with Clinical Examples Two distinct strengths identified; each illustrated with a specific, realistic clinical example that demonstrates the strength in action. Two strengths identified; examples present but one may lack specificity. Only one strength clearly identified or examples are generic. Strengths not identified or no clinical examples provided. 25
    Two Areas for Development and Practice Impact Two specific areas for development identified; impact on patient care, team function, or practicum project clearly articulated for each. Two areas identified; impact on practice addressed but could be more specific. Only one area identified, or impact on practice is vague. Areas for development not identified or practice impact absent. 25
    Development Plan (2 Strategies with Timeline and Resource) Two actionable strategies; each includes a realistic timeline and a specific resource; strategies are directly tied to the identified areas for development. Two strategies present; timeline or resource partially developed for one or more. Only one strategy or strategies lack timelines and resources. No development plan provided. 20
    APA 7 and BSN-Level Writing Quality Two sources correctly cited in APA 7; clear introduction, body, and conclusion; BSN-level scholarly voice; no significant writing errors. Minor APA errors; structure and writing mostly meet BSN standards. Several APA errors; structure inconsistent or writing below BSN level. No APA citations; no discernible structure. 10

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Week 2: Organizational Culture, Change Management, and Conflict Resolution

    Learning Objectives

    • Analyze the relationship between organizational culture, leadership style, and patient safety outcomes.
    • Evaluate change management models (Kotter’s 8-Step, Lewin’s) and their application to nursing-led QI initiatives.
    • Identify sources of workplace conflict and apply evidence-based resolution strategies.
    • Connect change management concepts to the quality and safety problem in your practicum project.

    Weekly Schedule

    Due By Task
    Week 2, Days 1–2 Read Learning Resources on change management models, conflict resolution, and organizational culture.
    Week 2, Day 3 Post your initial Didactic Discussion response (300–500 words).
    Week 2, Days 4–5 Review peer posts. Draft two peer responses. Begin drafting the Organizational Collaboration Paper.
    Week 2, Day 6 Post two peer Didactic Discussion responses. Post your Practicum Discussion initial response.
    Week 2, Day 7 No written assignment due. Continue developing the Organizational Collaboration Paper.

    Didactic Discussion: Change Management and Conflict in Your Organization

    By Day 3 — Initial Post (300–500 words)

    Post a 300- to 500-word response to one of the following options:

    Option 1: Identify a significant organizational change in your clinical setting within the last three years. Using Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model or Lewin’s Change Theory, analyze how the change was — or should have been — implemented. Identify which step or phase was executed most effectively and which was most problematic. Support with at least one APA-cited source.

    Option 2: Describe a workplace conflict you experienced or observed in your clinical setting that affected team cohesion or patient care quality. Identify the type of conflict (intrapersonal, interpersonal, or intergroup), analyze the leadership response, evaluate whether it aligned with evidence-based conflict resolution strategies, and propose one improvement that could have produced a better outcome for the team and for patient safety.

    Didactic Discussion Rubric — Week 2

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Change Model Application or Conflict Type Identification Change model applied accurately to a real organizational scenario, or conflict type correctly identified and analyzed; BSN-level critical thinking demonstrated. Model applied or conflict identified with adequate analysis; minor gaps in accuracy. Model or conflict type mentioned without substantive application. No specific change model applied or conflict type identified. 30
    Phase/Leadership Response Evaluation Specific change phase or leadership response clearly evaluated with evidence; strengths and weaknesses identified. Evaluation present; evidence partially used; one dimension more developed. Evaluation thin or primarily descriptive. No evaluation of the change phase or leadership response. 30
    Evidence-Based Strategy or Improvement Proposed Specific, realistic, evidence-based strategy or improvement proposed; connection to patient safety or team outcomes is explicit. Strategy proposed; connection to outcomes partially articulated. Strategy mentioned without evidence base or outcome connection. No strategy or improvement proposed. 25
    Peer Responses and Writing Quality Both responses substantive and add a new perspective or evidence; BSN-level writing maintained. Both present; minor issues in substance or writing. Thin responses or only one posted. Responses absent. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Practicum Discussion — Week 2: Change Management in Your Project Setting

    Reflect on this week’s change management content in the context of your practicum project:

    • What barriers to change have you or your preceptor already identified in the setting where your QI project will be implemented?
    • Which change management model seems best suited to your project’s context and organizational culture? Explain why.
    • Describe one specific strategy you plan to use to build buy-in from the interprofessional team members who will be involved in your project.

    Week 3: Interprofessional Collaboration and Organizational Strategic Planning

    Learning Objectives

    • Analyze the role of interprofessional collaboration in quality improvement and safe patient care.
    • Evaluate strategic planning models and their application at the unit and organizational level.
    • Examine the relationship between organizational values, mission, and the nurse leader’s role.
    • Submit the Organizational Collaboration Paper demonstrating evidence-based analysis of an interprofessional team dynamic.

    Weekly Schedule

    Due By Task
    Week 3, Days 1–2 Read Learning Resources on interprofessional collaboration, strategic planning, and organizational mission/values alignment.
    Week 3, Day 3 Post your initial Didactic Discussion response (300–500 words).
    Week 3, Days 4–5 Review peer posts. Draft two peer responses. Finalize Assignment 2.
    Week 3, Day 6 Post two peer Didactic Discussion responses. Post your Practicum Discussion initial response.
    Week 3, Day 7 Submit Assignment 2: Organizational Collaboration Paper. Respond to two peers in Practicum Discussion.

    Didactic Discussion: Strategic Planning and Interprofessional Collaboration

    By Day 3 — Initial Post (300–500 words)

    Post a 300- to 500-word response to one of the following options:

    Option 1: Describe how your current healthcare organization’s mission and values are (or are not) visibly reflected in the daily operations of your unit. Identify one instance where organizational values directly shaped a leadership decision or practice change. Analyze whether that decision reflects a commitment to quality, safety, equity, or patient-centered care — and explain what you would do differently if the alignment was weak.

    Option 2: Analyze a specific interprofessional collaboration experience in your clinical setting. Describe the team composition, goal, and outcome. Evaluate whether the collaboration demonstrated competencies from the IPEC Core Competency Framework. Identify one barrier that limited its effectiveness and propose one evidence-based strategy to address it.

    Didactic Discussion Rubric — Week 3

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Mission/Values Analysis or Collaboration Description Mission-values alignment or interprofessional collaboration described with specificity; organizational or team context is clear and clinically grounded. Description adequate; specificity or clinical grounding could be stronger. Description vague or not clearly connected to the student’s practice setting. No specific mission-values analysis or collaboration described. 30
    Leadership Decision Evaluation or IPEC Competency Analysis Specific leadership decision or IPEC competency dimension analyzed; connection to quality, safety, or patient-centered care is explicit. Analysis present; one dimension identified but not fully developed. Analysis largely descriptive; IPEC competencies mentioned without application. No evaluation or IPEC analysis. 30
    Barrier and Evidence-Based Strategy One specific collaboration barrier identified; proposed strategy is realistic, evidence-based, and connected to a quality or team outcome. Barrier and strategy present; evidence base partially developed. Barrier identified without strategy or evidence. No barrier or strategy identified. 25
    Peer Responses and Writing Quality Both responses add substantive content; BSN-level writing throughout. Both present; minor gaps. Thin responses or only one posted. Responses absent. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Practicum Discussion — Week 3: Interprofessional Team and Project Planning

    • Describe the interprofessional team members who are involved (or will be involved) in your Quality and Safety Improvement Project.
    • Explain the role each team member will play in designing or implementing the improvement plan.
    • Identify one communication or collaboration challenge your team has encountered (or anticipates) and describe your strategy to address it.

    Assignment 2: Organizational Collaboration Paper (3 to 4 Pages)

    Write a 3- to 4-page paper addressing the following:

    • Organizational Context: Briefly describe the healthcare organization or unit where your practicum is taking place — type, size, patient population, and nursing leadership structure.
    • Collaboration Analysis: Identify and describe one current or recent interprofessional collaboration initiative. Analyze its effectiveness using at least two IPEC Core Competency domains as your evaluative framework.
    • Barriers to Collaboration (2): Identify two specific structural, cultural, or communication barriers that currently limit interprofessional collaboration in your setting.
    • Evidence-Based Strategies (2): Propose two evidence-based strategies to address the barriers. For each, explain how it would improve collaboration and contribute to a specific quality or safety outcome.
    • Practicum Project Connection: Briefly explain how the collaboration dynamics you analyzed relate to the design or implementation of your QI project.
    • Support with at least three peer-reviewed, APA 7-cited sources.

    Save as: WK3Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 3.

    Assignment 2 Rubric — Organizational Collaboration Paper

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Collaboration Analysis Using IPEC Framework Specific interprofessional initiative described; two IPEC competency domains applied accurately as an evaluative framework; analysis is evidence-based. Initiative described; two IPEC domains referenced but one applied less rigorously. Initiative described without IPEC framework or only one domain addressed. No interprofessional initiative described or no IPEC analysis attempted. 25
    Two Collaboration Barriers Identified Two specific, distinct structural, cultural, or communication barriers clearly identified; connected to the student’s actual organizational context. Two barriers identified; one or both could be more specific or organizationally grounded. Only one barrier or barriers are generic. No collaboration barriers identified. 20
    Two Evidence-Based Strategies with Outcome Connection Two evidence-based strategies clearly proposed; each addresses a stated barrier and is connected to a specific quality or safety outcome. Two strategies present; one or both lack a clear outcome connection. Only one strategy or strategies not clearly evidence-based. No evidence-based strategies proposed. 25
    Practicum Project Connection Link between the collaboration analysis and the QI project is specific and logical; demonstrates integration of course concepts with practicum experience. Connection made but could be more specific or integrated. Connection attempted but superficial. No practicum project connection. 15
    APA 7, Sources (min. 3), Essay Writing Quality Three or more peer-reviewed sources correctly cited in APA 7; 3–4 page requirement met; BSN-level scholarly voice; clear structure. Minor APA errors; three sources used; structure and writing mostly meet BSN standard. Several APA errors; fewer than three sources; writing below BSN standard in places. No APA citations; structure absent; fewer than two sources. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Week 4: Quality Improvement Science — Tools, Data, and the PDSA Cycle

    Learning Objectives

    • Analyze key QI tools used in healthcare: run charts, PDSA cycles, fishbone diagrams, and process maps.
    • Interpret run chart data to identify patterns of variation — signals and noise — relevant to a specific quality problem.
    • Apply PDSA cycle methodology to a defined quality and safety problem in a clinical setting.
    • Begin quantitative analysis of baseline data relevant to the practicum QI project.

    Weekly Schedule

    Due By Task
    Week 4, Days 1–2 Read Perla, Provost, & Murray (2011) on run charts. Review QP Staff (2010) Guru Guide. Watch this week’s Laureate Education QI videos.
    Week 4, Day 3 Post your initial Didactic Discussion response (300–500 words).
    Week 4, Days 4–5 Review peer posts. Draft two peer responses. Begin drafting Assignment 3.
    Week 4, Day 6 Post two peer Didactic Discussion responses. Post your Practicum Discussion initial response.
    Week 4, Day 7 No written assignment due. Continue developing Assignment 3.

    Didactic Discussion: QI Tools and Data Interpretation

    Perla, Provost, and Murray (2011) describe the run chart as one of the simplest and most powerful analytical tools available for learning from variation in healthcare processes. Its power lies in its ability to distinguish between common-cause variation — the expected background noise of any system — and special-cause variation, which signals that something meaningful has changed. Every quality improvement project begins with understanding the data that describes the problem.

    By Day 3 — Initial Post (300–500 words)

    Post a 300- to 500-word response to one of the following options:

    Option 1: Describe a quality or safety problem in your clinical setting for which you have (or could collect) outcome data over time. Explain how you would construct a run chart to track it. Identify what a signal would look like on your run chart and what action you would take if you observed one. Connect your approach to the PDSA methodology.

    Option 2: Analyze a fishbone (Ishikawa) diagram for a quality or safety problem you have encountered in practice. Identify the main cause categories (staff, equipment, process, environment, policy) and populate at least two causes per category. Explain which cause is most amenable to a nursing-led intervention and why. Describe one PDSA cycle you would design to test a solution.

    By Day 6 — Peer Responses (min. 2)

    Identify a pattern they might look for on their run chart, suggest a root cause they may not have considered, or offer a specific PDSA modification that could strengthen their improvement test.

    Didactic Discussion Rubric — Week 4

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Run Chart Application or Fishbone Construction Run chart application or fishbone diagram described with specificity; demonstrates correct understanding of variation or root cause categories. Application or diagram described with adequate accuracy; minor conceptual gaps. Run chart or fishbone referenced without substantive application. No run chart or fishbone discussed. 30
    Signal Identification or Cause Prioritization Signal or priority root cause clearly identified with logical rationale; connection to patient safety or nursing-led action is explicit. Signal or cause identified; rationale partially developed. Signal or cause mentioned without clear rationale. No signal or priority cause identified. 30
    PDSA Cycle Design Specific PDSA cycle described with all four phases; the test is realistic and connected to the identified problem. PDSA cycle present; one or two components underdeveloped. PDSA mentioned without substantive design. No PDSA cycle described. 25
    Peer Responses and Writing Quality Both responses add specific, QI-relevant content; BSN-level writing maintained. Both present; minor gaps. Thin or only one posted. Responses absent. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Practicum Discussion — Week 4: Baseline Data and QI Tools

    • Describe the baseline data you have collected (or are currently collecting) on your quality and safety problem.
    • Explain which QI tool you are using to analyze or display the baseline data and why you selected it.
    • Identify one challenge you are encountering in data collection or analysis and describe how you are addressing it with your preceptor.

    Week 5: Building the Evidence-Based Quality Improvement Plan

    Learning Objectives

    • Apply evidence-based practice principles to design a quality and safety improvement plan.
    • Evaluate a run chart using the four rules of analysis to identify meaningful patterns.
    • Develop an evidence-based intervention recommendation supported by peer-reviewed literature.
    • Submit the QI Analysis and Run Chart Assignment.

    Weekly Schedule

    Due By Task
    Week 5, Days 1–2 Review run chart analysis rules (Perla et al., 2011). Review Assignment 3 instructions.
    Week 5, Day 3 Post your initial Didactic Discussion response (300–500 words).
    Week 5, Days 4–5 Review peer posts. Draft two peer responses. Finalize Assignment 3.
    Week 5, Day 6 Post two peer Didactic Discussion responses. Post your Practicum Discussion initial response.
    Week 5, Day 7 Submit Assignment 3: QI Analysis and Run Chart. Respond to two peers in Practicum Discussion.

    Didactic Discussion: Designing Evidence-Based Interventions

    By Day 3 — Initial Post (300–500 words)

    Post a 300- to 500-word response to one of the following options:

    Option 1: Describe the quality and safety improvement intervention you are proposing for your practicum project. Using at least two peer-reviewed sources published within the last five years, make the case for why this intervention is evidence-based and likely to produce measurable improvement. Identify one potential unintended consequence and describe how you would monitor for it.

    Option 2: Analyze how the IHI Triple Aim applies to the quality or safety problem your practicum project addresses. Identify which dimension your project primarily targets, explain why it is most relevant, and describe one concrete way your proposed intervention addresses a second dimension as well.

    Didactic Discussion Rubric — Week 5

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Evidence-Based Intervention or Triple Aim Analysis Intervention clearly described and supported by two recent peer-reviewed sources, or Triple Aim applied accurately with dimension identification. Intervention described or Triple Aim applied; one source or dimension less fully developed. Intervention or Triple Aim mentioned without substantive evidence or application. No evidence-based intervention or Triple Aim analysis. 30
    Measurable Improvement Connection or Second Dimension Specific quality indicator and its measurability addressed, or a second Triple Aim dimension convincingly connected to the project. Quality indicator or second dimension identified; connection partially developed. Indicator or dimension mentioned without measurable connection. No indicator or second dimension addressed. 30
    Unintended Consequence or Monitoring Strategy One realistic unintended consequence identified and a monitoring strategy proposed; demonstrates systems-level thinking. Unintended consequence identified; monitoring strategy partially developed. Unintended consequence mentioned without monitoring strategy. No unintended consequence identified. 25
    Peer Responses and Writing Quality Both responses add evidence or a specific systems perspective; BSN-level writing maintained. Both present; minor gaps. Thin or only one posted. Responses absent. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Practicum Discussion — Week 5: Intervention Design and Team Feedback

    • A brief description of the proposed intervention and the evidence supporting its use.
    • How your preceptor and interprofessional team responded to the intervention proposal and any modifications they recommended.
    • The implementation timeline and any remaining logistical challenges.

    Assignment 3: QI Analysis and Run Chart (3 to 4 Pages + Run Chart Visual)

    Write a 3- to 4-page paper and include a run chart visual addressing the following:

    • Quality Problem Description: Briefly restate the quality and safety problem, including unit context, affected population, and baseline data source.
    • Run Chart Construction and Display: Create a run chart using baseline data (minimum 10 data points). Include as a figure. Label the y-axis (measure), x-axis (time units), median line, and any signals identified.
    • Run Chart Analysis: Apply at least two of the four analysis rules (Perla et al., 2011). Identify signals present and interpret what patterns tell you about the stability of the process.
    • Evidence-Based Intervention: Based on your run chart analysis, describe the proposed intervention supported by at least two peer-reviewed sources.
    • Expected Outcome: State the measurable improvement expected on a future run chart after the intervention. Identify the metric and monitoring frequency.

    Save as: WK5Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 5.

    Assignment 3 Rubric — QI Analysis and Run Chart

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Run Chart Construction (Correct Elements) Min. 10 data points; y-axis, x-axis, and median line correctly labeled; signals marked; chart is readable and professionally presented. Run chart present and mostly correct; one labeling or data point issue. Run chart present but missing required elements. No run chart or chart unrecognizable as a QI tool. 20
    Run Chart Analysis (min. 2 Rules Applied) Two analysis rules applied correctly; findings clearly stated; signals vs. noise interpretation accurate and connected to the quality problem. Two rules referenced; one applied more accurately; interpretation adequate. Only one rule applied or analysis is superficial. No run chart analysis attempted. 25
    Evidence-Based Intervention (min. 2 Sources) Intervention clearly described; supported by two peer-reviewed sources within 5 years; connection to run chart findings is explicit. Intervention described; sources present; connection to run chart partially explicit. Intervention described without strong evidence base or run chart connection. No evidence-based intervention described. 25
    Expected Outcome and Measurable Metric Specific measurable outcome stated; metric clearly defined with a realistic monitoring frequency; demonstrates understanding of QI feedback loops. Outcome and metric present; monitoring frequency or specificity could be stronger. Outcome stated without measurable metric or monitoring plan. No expected outcome described. 20
    APA 7 and Writing Quality No significant APA errors; 3–4 pages; BSN-level scholarly voice; run chart figure properly labeled per APA. Minor APA errors; writing quality meets BSN standard. Several errors; writing below BSN standard. No APA formatting; major writing concerns. 10

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Week 6: Quality and Safety Project Presentation and Leadership Reflection

    Learning Objectives

    • Present an evidence-based Quality and Safety Improvement Project to the preceptor and interprofessional team at the practicum site.
    • Synthesize leadership competencies, QI science, and interprofessional collaboration skills developed throughout the course.
    • Reflect on personal leadership growth and the social change implications of the practicum project.
    • Complete all 72 practicum hours and confirm Meditrek® documentation and preceptor evaluation.

    Weekly Schedule

    Due By Task
    Week 6, Days 1–3 Finalize your Quality and Safety Project Presentation. Deliver it to your preceptor and team at the practicum site.
    Week 6, Day 3 Post your initial Didactic Discussion response (300–500 words).
    Week 6, Days 4–5 Review peer posts. Draft two peer responses. Write your Final Practicum Reflection post.
    Week 6, Day 6 Post two peer Didactic Discussion responses. Post your Final Practicum Reflection.
    Week 6, Day 7 Submit Assignment 4: Quality and Safety Project Presentation. Confirm Meditrek® hours are fully recorded.

    Didactic Discussion: Leadership Growth and Social Change — A Final Reflection

    By Day 3 — Initial Post (300–500 words)

    Post a 300- to 500-word response to one of the following options:

    Option 1: Reflect on the leadership competency — from your Week 1 self-assessment — that you most intentionally developed or applied during this course. Describe a specific practicum moment where you drew on that competency. Explain what the outcome was and what you would do differently to strengthen your leadership impact in the future. Connect to Walden’s mission of positive social change.

    Option 2: Describe how your Quality and Safety Improvement Project has the potential to create positive social change beyond your immediate unit or patient population. Identify one stakeholder group who could benefit from your project findings and explain how you could disseminate results to reach them.

    Didactic Discussion Rubric — Week 6

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Leadership Competency Reflection or Social Change Analysis Specific leadership competency or social change potential described with depth and precision; practicum experience or stakeholder analysis is concrete and authentic. Competency or social change analysis present and adequate; specificity could be stronger. Competency or social change mentioned without substantive reflection or analysis. No reflective or social change content. 30
    Outcome Evaluation or Stakeholder Identification Outcome or stakeholder clearly described; connection to broader organizational, community, or policy impact is logical. Outcome or stakeholder identified; broader impact partially articulated. Outcome or stakeholder mentioned superficially. No outcome or stakeholder analysis. 30
    Social Change Connection and APA 7 (min. 1 source) Social change connection is specific and tied to Walden’s mission; one source cited in APA 7. Connection to social change present; source cited with minor APA errors. Social change mentioned without clear connection or source absent. No social change connection or APA citation. 25
    Peer Responses and Writing Quality Both responses add a specific, forward-looking perspective; BSN-level writing maintained. Both present; minor gaps. Thin or only one posted. Responses absent. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Practicum Discussion — Week 6: Final Practicum Reflection

    • Describe how your completed Quality and Safety Improvement Project addressed the problem you identified in Week 1.
    • Identify one outcome or finding that surprised you and explain what it changed about your understanding of quality improvement in nursing.
    • Reflect on the preceptor relationship: what was the most valuable thing you learned from collaborating with your preceptor and the interprofessional team?
    • Describe one leadership skill you will carry into your future nursing practice as a direct result of this practicum experience.

    Assignment 4: Quality and Safety Project Presentation (8–12 Slides + Narration or Speaker Notes)

    Deliver this presentation in person (or via synchronous video) to your preceptor and interprofessional team at your practicum site. Then submit the slide deck with detailed speaker notes or narration to course faculty.

    • Slide 1 — Title: Project title, student name, practicum site, preceptor name, course, and date.
    • Slides 2–3 — Quality and Safety Problem: Describe the problem, its prevalence and impact in your setting, and the affected population. Include baseline data and your run chart.
    • Slides 4–5 — Evidence Base: Present the peer-reviewed evidence supporting your intervention. Summarize at least three sources (within last 5 years preferred).
    • Slides 6–7 — Improvement Plan: Describe the PDSA cycle design, implementation steps, responsible parties, and timeline.
    • Slides 8–9 — Interprofessional Collaboration: Describe how each team member contributed to the project design and how collaboration improved the plan.
    • Slide 10 — Outcomes: Present early outcome data if available, or specific measurable expected outcomes with the metric you will track post-intervention.
    • Slides 11–12 — Implications, Sustainability, and References: Summarize leadership and organizational implications. Present sustainability recommendations. List all references in APA 7.

    Save as: WK6Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 6.

    Practicum Completion Requirement: All 72 practicum hours must be recorded in Meditrek® by Day 7 of Week 6. Your preceptor must complete the Meditrek® evaluation before your final grade is issued. Contact faculty immediately if the evaluation has not been submitted by Day 6.

    Assignment 4 Rubric — Quality and Safety Project Presentation

    Criterion Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1) Pts
    Quality and Safety Problem (Slides 2–3 + Run Chart) Problem clearly described with prevalence data; run chart included with correct elements (min. 10 data points, median line); population and clinical context are specific. Problem described; run chart present but may have a minor missing element; prevalence data partial. Problem described without run chart or baseline data. No clear problem description or data display. 20
    Evidence Base (Slides 4–5, min. 3 sources) Three or more peer-reviewed sources summarized and applied directly to the proposed intervention; evidence is clearly linked to the quality problem. Three sources present; one or two less directly applied to the intervention. Fewer than three sources or sources not peer-reviewed. No evidence base presented. 20
    Improvement Plan — PDSA and Implementation (Slides 6–7) PDSA cycle clearly designed with all four phases; implementation steps, responsible parties, and timeline all specified; plan is realistic for the practicum setting. PDSA present; one or two components partially developed. PDSA mentioned but design is incomplete. No improvement plan or PDSA design presented. 20
    Interprofessional Collaboration (Slides 8–9) Each team member’s role clearly described; specific contribution to project design identified; collaboration impact on the plan quality is evident. Team described; roles identified but contributions partially explained. Team listed without role description or collaboration analysis. No interprofessional collaboration described. 15
    Outcomes, Recommendations, and Sustainability (Slides 10–12) Early outcome data or specific measurable expected outcomes presented; sustainability recommendations are realistic and organizationally grounded. Outcomes and recommendations present; sustainability partially addressed. Outcomes described without measurable metrics; no sustainability plan. No outcomes or recommendations presented. 15
    APA 7 References and Presentation Professionalism References correctly formatted in APA 7; slides are clean, readable, and professionally designed for a clinical audience; speaker notes are substantive. Minor APA errors; slides mostly professional; speaker notes adequate. Several APA errors; slides inconsistent; notes thin. No APA references; slides unreadable or unprofessional. 10

    Total Possible: 100 points

     NURS 4220: Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare

    Leadership competency in nursing is not a static trait but a dynamic set of skills that develop through deliberate practice, honest self-assessment, and sustained engagement with quality improvement science. Bashaw and Lounsbury (2012) make a compelling case for why Magnet principles and just culture cannot be treated as separate organizational initiatives, since both depend on nurse leaders who respond to error with curiosity and systemic thinking rather than blame. A run chart built from unit-level fall data can reveal whether preventive interventions have genuinely shifted the process or whether apparent improvements remain within the bounds of normal variation — and knowing the difference prevents premature celebration of results that have not yet materialized (Perla, Provost, & Murray, 2011). Interprofessional collaboration strengthens every quality improvement project, but it requires nurse leaders who can articulate a clinical problem in language that resonates with pharmacists, physicians, respiratory therapists, and social workers simultaneously. Walden’s mission of positive social change reaches its most concrete expression when a BSN-prepared nurse stands before an interprofessional team at a practicum site presentation and shows exactly how an evidence-based, data-driven improvement plan will reduce harm for a defined patient population.

    Study Resources (Harvard / APA 7 Format)

    1. Bashaw, E. S., & Lounsbury, K. (2012). Forging a new culture: Blending Magnet principles with just culture. Nursing Management43(10), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000419492.49675.25
    2. Perla, R. J., Provost, L. P., & Murray, S. K. (2011). The run chart: A simple analytical tool for learning from variation in healthcare processes. BMJ Quality and Safety20(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs.2009.037895
    3. Mekonnen, M., & Bayissa, Z. (2023). The effect of transformational and transactional leadership styles on organizational readiness for change among health professionals. SAGE Open Nursing9, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231186716
    4. Samardzic, M., Doekhie, K. D., & Wijngaarden, J. D. H. (2020). Interventions to improve team effectiveness within health care: A systematic review of the past decade. Human Resources for Health18(2), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0411-3
    5. Shen, Q., & Tucker, S. (2024). Fostering leadership development and growth of nurse leaders: Experiences from Midwest Nursing Research Society Leadership Academy. Nursing Outlook72(6), 102293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2024.102293
  • NURS-FPX4020 Assessment 1: Medication Safety Quality Paper

    Capella University — School of Nursing and Health Sciences

    Course Code & Title: NURS-FPX4020 — Improving Quality of Care and Patient Safety

    Program Level: BSN (RN-to-BSN) — FlexPath Delivery Format

    Assessment Number: Assessment 1 of 4

    Assessment Title: Enhancing Quality and Safety

    Format: Scholarly Paper — Evidence-Based Analysis

    Length: 3–5 pages (excluding APA title page and reference list)

    Referencing Style: APA 7th Edition

    Minimum References: 4 peer-reviewed or professional sources, published within the last 5 years

    Competency Alignment: Competencies 1, 2, 4, and 5

    Academic Year: 2025–2026

    NURS-FPX4020 Assessment 1
    Enhancing Quality and Safety

    Capella University — BSN FlexPath | Improving Quality of Care and Patient Safety | 2025–2026

    Assessment Overview

    Healthcare organisations and the professionals who work within them are consistently working toward one central goal — keeping patients safe. And yet, the complexity of modern healthcare means that maintaining safety is never automatic. Systems fail, communication breaks down, and individual nurses often find themselves at the intersection of institutional pressure and patient vulnerability. Quality improvement measures and safety improvement plans exist precisely to address this reality, and baccalaureate-prepared nurses are expected to understand and drive them.

    In this first assessment for NURS-FPX4020, you will develop a 3- to 5-page paper that examines a specific patient safety risk related to medication administration. You will analyse the factors that contribute to this risk, identify evidence-based and best-practice solutions from the literature, explain the nurse’s coordinating role in addressing the problem, and identify the stakeholders whose involvement is necessary to sustain any meaningful improvement.

    Your starting point should be either a real situation from your current or previous clinical practice or a well-developed hypothetical scenario grounded in a healthcare setting you know. Either approach is acceptable, but the analysis must be specific — not generic. Broad discussions of “medication errors in general” will not satisfy the rubric at the Distinguished level. Specificity in both the problem and the solution is what distinguishes a proficient response from an exceptional one.

    Why This Assessment Matters

    Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN), the Institute of Medicine (IOM), and The Joint Commission’s National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) programme have each been instrumental in reshaping how the nursing profession approaches patient safety. A foundational understanding of these organisations — what they stand for, what standards they set, and what evidence they have generated — is prerequisite knowledge for this assessment. Before you begin writing, review the Identifying Safety Risks and Solutions activity available in your NURS-FPX4020 courseroom. Learners who complete courseroom activities prior to their first submission are consistently more successful in reaching Distinguished on their initial attempt.

    Assessment Instructions

    As a baccalaureate-prepared nurse, you are responsible for identifying and implementing quality improvement and patient safety measures in your healthcare setting. For this assessment, you will analyse a current issue or clinical experience surrounding a medication administration safety risk and identify a quality improvement (QI) initiative that would address it. Your paper must address all of the following required content areas.

    Scenario Context

    Consider a previous experience or a well-developed hypothetical situation involving a medication error or medication administration safety risk, and examine how the error could have been prevented or reduced through evidence-based guidelines. Choose a specific medication administration safety risk as the central focus of your paper — for example, wrong-patient dosing, high-alert medication protocols, look-alike/sound-alike drug confusion, barcode scanning non-compliance, or nurse interruptions during medication preparation — and use that specific risk to anchor your entire analysis.

    Required Content Area 1 — Factors Contributing to the Medication Administration Safety Risk

    Identify and explain the specific factors that lead to the patient safety risk you have chosen. Your analysis must go beyond simply naming the problem. Address the following:

    • Patient-level factors that increase vulnerability to the identified risk (e.g., polypharmacy, cognitive impairment, inability to self-advocate)
    • Nurse- and provider-level factors that contribute to the risk (e.g., fatigue, skill-mix gaps, inadequate training on high-alert medications, communication failures during handoff)
    • Organisational and systems-level factors that create or sustain the risk (e.g., inadequate staffing ratios, absence of clinical decision support systems, workflow interruptions, poor EHR usability)
    • Support your analysis with peer-reviewed evidence — do not rely solely on anecdote or personal observation

    This section maps to Competency 2: Analyse factors that lead to patient safety risks.

    Required Content Area 2 — Evidence-Based and Best-Practice Solutions

    Identify and explain evidence-based and best-practice solutions that directly address the medication administration safety risk you described. Your discussion must:

    • Identify at least two specific, evidence-based strategies or interventions — not generalisations — that are supported by peer-reviewed literature
    • Explain how each solution addresses the specific factors you identified in Content Area 1
    • Address cost reduction where applicable — quality improvement that fails to consider resource sustainability will not be adopted at the organisational level
    • Reference QSEN competencies, IOM standards, Joint Commission NPSGs, or comparable professional frameworks where relevant
    • Cite all sources with in-text APA 7th edition citations; do not rely on unsupported claims

    This section maps to Competency 1: Analyse the elements of a successful quality improvement initiative.

    Required Content Area 3 — The Nurse’s Role in Care Coordination

    Explain how nurses, in their role as coordinators of patient care, can increase patient safety with respect to medication administration and contribute to cost reduction. Address the following specifically:

    • What direct care coordination activities can BSN-prepared nurses lead or participate in to reduce the identified safety risk?
    • How does the nurse’s position at the point of care make them uniquely placed to identify and report safety gaps?
    • What organisational mechanisms — safety huddles, incident reporting systems, shared governance structures, interdisciplinary rounds — should nurses leverage to sustain the improvement?
    • How does effective nurse-led coordination reduce unnecessary costs associated with adverse events, extended length of stay, or preventable readmissions?

    This section maps to Competency 4: Explain the nurse’s role in coordinating care to enhance quality and reduce costs.

    Required Content Area 4 — Stakeholder Identification

    Identify the specific stakeholders with whom nurses would need to coordinate to drive safety enhancements related to medication administration. For each stakeholder group identified, explain:

    • Their role in contributing to or perpetuating the current safety risk
    • Their role in implementing or sustaining the proposed improvement
    • How nurses should approach collaboration with that group

    Stakeholders typically include, but are not limited to: prescribing physicians and advanced practice providers, pharmacists, unit managers and nursing administration, informatics and EHR support teams, patients and families, and risk management or quality improvement officers. Do not simply list stakeholders — explain each relationship with specificity.

    This section also maps to Competency 4: Identify stakeholders with whom nurses would coordinate to drive safety enhancements.

    Submission Requirements

    • Length: 3–5 pages of written content, not counting the APA title page or reference list
    • Font and spacing: Times New Roman or Calibri, 12-point, double-spaced throughout, 1-inch margins on all sides
    • APA title page: Required — include learner name, Capella University, course code, course title, instructor name, and date
    • In-text citations: All paraphrased or quoted content must be cited in APA 7th edition format
    • References: Minimum of 4 peer-reviewed or scholarly sources, all published within the last 5 years; formatted in APA 7th edition with DOI links where available
    • APA headings: Use APA Level 1 or Level 2 headings to organise the four content sections of your paper
    • File format: Submit as a Microsoft Word (.docx) file through the Assessment area of your NURS-FPX4020 FlexPath courseroom
    • Writing standard: Clear, logical, professional academic writing with minimal grammatical errors and consistent APA adherence throughout

    Before submitting, study the scoring guide below carefully. Knowing exactly what each performance level requires for each criterion allows you to self-assess your draft and target Distinguished across all criteria on your first attempt.

    Competencies Assessed

    This assessment maps directly to the following NURS-FPX4020 course competencies:

    • Competency 1: Analyse the elements of a successful quality improvement initiative — addressed through the identification and application of evidence-based, cost-aware solutions to the medication administration safety risk
    • Competency 2: Analyse factors that lead to patient safety risks — addressed through the systematic examination of patient, provider, and systems-level contributors to the identified risk
    • Competency 4: Explain the nurse’s role in coordinating care to enhance quality and reduce costs — addressed through the discussion of care coordination strategies and stakeholder identification
    • Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly, evidence-based strategies to communicate in a manner that supports safe and effective patient care — assessed through writing quality, logical organisation, and APA formatting adherence throughout the paper

    Scoring Rubric — NURS-FPX4020 Assessment 1

    Each criterion below aligns with a course competency and is assessed at Distinguished (100%), Proficient (85%), Basic (75%), or Non-Performance (0%). A minimum Proficient rating across all criteria is required to pass this assessment. Resubmissions within your FlexPath subscription term carry no grade penalty.

    Criterion / Competency Distinguished (100%) Proficient (85%) Basic (75%) Non-Performance (0%)
    Competency 2: Explain factors leading to a specific patient-safety risk focusing on medication administration Explains patient, provider, and systems-level factors with analytical precision and specificity. All claims are supported by current (within 5 years) peer-reviewed evidence. The risk is clearly defined and distinguishable from generic medication error discussions. The connection between identified factors and the downstream safety impact is explicitly and logically developed. Identifies and explains the main factors contributing to the medication administration safety risk, supported by at least one peer-reviewed source. The risk is specific rather than generic. Some factors may receive less development than others, but the overall analysis is substantive and evidence-linked. Factors are identified but described in broad or surface-level terms. Evidence is present but may not be from peer-reviewed sources or may fall outside the five-year currency window. The safety risk itself may not be clearly or specifically defined, reducing the analytical value of the section. No meaningful analysis of contributing factors is provided. The discussion is entirely anecdotal, draws on non-credible sources, or addresses a topic unrelated to medication administration safety. The safety risk is not identified.
    Competency 1: Explain evidence-based and best-practice solutions to improve patient safety focusing on medication administration and reducing costs Identifies at least two specific, evidence-based solutions that are directly matched to the factors identified in the preceding section. Each solution is described in enough depth that its mechanism is clear, and the cost-reduction dimension is addressed with specificity — not as an afterthought. References to QSEN, IOM, NPSG, or equivalent frameworks are integrated naturally and correctly. All solutions are current and peer-reviewed. Identifies at least two evidence-based solutions with adequate explanation of their relevance to the identified risk. At least one source is peer-reviewed and within the five-year window. Cost reduction is mentioned, though it may not be fully developed. QI frameworks may be referenced but not deeply integrated. At least one solution is identified, but it may be described in generic terms (e.g., “improve communication”) without specificity about mechanism, evidence base, or cost impact. Peer-reviewed support is present but insufficient or not clearly matched to the identified safety risk. No evidence-based solutions are provided, or all solutions are drawn from non-credible sources. Cost-reduction considerations are absent. The section does not address medication administration safety in any meaningful way.
    Competency 4a: Explain how nurses can help coordinate care to increase patient safety with medication administration and reduce costs Provides a detailed, practice-specific explanation of how BSN-prepared nurses coordinate care to reduce the identified medication safety risk. The discussion connects nurse-led coordination directly to patient safety outcomes and cost reduction, with reference to real mechanisms (huddles, incident reporting, EHR workflows, interdisciplinary collaboration). Evidence is used to support the coordination approach described. Explains the nurse’s coordinating role in patient safety improvement with reasonable specificity. The connection between nurse coordination and cost reduction is present. At least one mechanism of coordination is described. The section is supported by evidence or professional literature. The nurse’s role in coordination is mentioned but described in abstract or idealistic terms rather than practice-specific ones. The cost-reduction dimension is absent or tangential. The discussion could apply to any safety risk rather than being matched to the specific medication administration context. The nurse’s coordinating role is not addressed, or the discussion focuses solely on individual clinical tasks rather than coordination, quality improvement, or cost impact. No connection to the identified safety risk is present.
    Competency 4b: Identify stakeholders with whom nurses would coordinate to drive safety enhancements with medication administration Identifies at least three specific stakeholder groups with a distinct explanation of each group’s role in contributing to the current risk and in implementing or sustaining the proposed improvement. The nurse-stakeholder relationship is described specifically for each group. The stakeholder analysis is evidence-informed and tailored to the specific clinical context of the paper. Identifies at least two stakeholder groups with explanation of their relevance to medication administration safety improvement. Each group’s coordinating role is described, though some entries may lack the specificity or depth of a Distinguished response. The relationship to the identified safety risk is present for each stakeholder. Stakeholders are listed by name or category without substantive explanation of their roles. The discussion reads as a checklist rather than an analysis. The connection between stakeholder involvement and the specific safety risk described in the paper is weak or implied rather than explicit. No stakeholders are identified, or only a single stakeholder is mentioned without explanation. The section is absent, irrelevant, or contains no connection to quality improvement or medication administration safety.
    Competency 5: Communicate using writing that is clear, logical, and professional with correct grammar and spelling; apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references exhibiting nearly flawless adherence to APA format Writing is professional, clear, and logically organised throughout. Ideas transition smoothly between sections. Grammar, spelling, and punctuation are correct throughout with no distracting errors. APA 7th edition in-text citations and reference list entries are nearly flawless — hanging indents, alphabetical order, correct DOI formatting, and consistent italics are all present. Paper length falls within 3–5 pages. At least 4 peer-reviewed sources within 5 years are cited. Writing is clear and professionally organised with only minor errors that do not impede reading. APA formatting is applied consistently with only occasional minor lapses (e.g., one missing DOI, one inconsistent heading level). Paper meets the minimum length requirement. At least 4 sources are cited, most within the five-year window. Writing contains recurring grammatical or mechanical errors that distract the reader. Organisation is inconsistent — some sections are underdeveloped relative to others. APA formatting errors are present across multiple reference entries or in-text citations. Paper may fall below minimum length or cite fewer than four sources. Writing is disorganised, unclear, or substantially below professional standard. APA citations and references are absent, consistently incorrect, or formatted in a non-APA style. Fewer than two sources are cited. Paper is substantially below the minimum length requirement.

    FlexPath Grading Note: NURS-FPX4020 uses a competency-based pass/fail model. Assessments are rated Distinguished, Proficient, Basic, or Non-Performance per criterion. You must achieve at minimum a Proficient rating on all five criteria to pass. Resubmissions carry no penalty within your current subscription term, but delays caused by multiple resubmission cycles can affect your course completion timeline.

    Sample Answer Guide NURS-FPX4020 Assessment 1: Enhancing Quality and Safety

    Medication administration errors represent one of the most preventable categories of patient harm in acute care settings, yet they continue to occur at rates that reflect deep systemic problems rather than individual lapses in nursing attentiveness. At the unit level, nurses preparing and administering medications are routinely interrupted, working under staffing ratios that exceed safe thresholds, and operating electronic health record systems whose usability has not kept pace with clinical demand — a convergence of environmental stressors that the literature consistently associates with increased error rates. One of the most evidence-supported interventions for reducing interruption-related medication errors is the implementation of a Medication Safety Zone (MSZ), a designated physical and policy-protected space in which nurses cannot be non-urgently interrupted during medication preparation, a strategy that has demonstrated measurable reductions in distraction-related errors in multiple acute care trials. Nurse-led safety huddles conducted at shift change provide an additional coordination mechanism that allows the oncoming team to flag high-alert medication patients, recent near-miss events, and pending pharmacist consults before care begins — rather than discovering risk mid-shift when the window for prevention has already narrowed. Involving pharmacists as active members of interdisciplinary rounding teams, rather than consultants engaged only after an error occurs, addresses the stakeholder coordination gap that underlies many preventable adverse drug events. According to Rodziewicz, Houseman, and Hipskind (2024, StatPearls), the majority of serious medication errors are traceable to system vulnerabilities rather than individual nurse error, which means that sustainable quality improvement must be directed at the system rather than the individual clinician.

    Reading Materials Resources (APA 7th Edition Format)

    1. Rodziewicz, T.L., Houseman, B. & Hipskind, J.E. (2024). Medical error reduction and prevention. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499956/
    2. Tariq, R.A., Vashisht, R., Sinha, A. & Scherbak, Y. (2023). Medication dispensing errors and prevention. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519065/
    3. Bell, T., Sprajcer, M., Flenady, T. & Sahay, A. (2023). Fatigue in nurses and medication administration errors: A scoping review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 32(17–18), 5445–5460. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16620
    4. Westbrook, J.I., Li, L., Hooper, T.D., Raban, M.Z., Middleton, S. & Lehnbom, E.C. (2021). Effectiveness of a ‘Do not interrupt’ bundled intervention to reduce interruptions during medication administration: A cluster randomised controlled feasibility study. BMJ Quality & Safety, 30(7), 588–597. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2020-011773
    5. Manias, E., Kusljic, S. & Wu, A. (2020). Interventions to reduce medication errors in adult medical and surgical settings: A systematic review. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 11, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098620968309
  • Applying GINA Guidelines in a Pediatric Asthma Case Study

    NURS 6521: Advanced Pharmacology

    Week 3 Assignment – Asthma Pharmacotherapy and Stepwise Management

    Course and Assessment Metadata

    Course code/title: NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology (graduate advanced practice core)

    Program level: MSN / APRN / DNP-entry (US/Canada/UK/Australia compatible pharmacotherapy case)

    Assessment label: Week 3 Assignment – Asthma and Stepwise Management (Assessment 2)

    Assessment type: Individual written pharmacotherapy analysis and management plan

    Length requirement: 2–3 page paper (approximately 800–1,000 words), aligned with current NURS 6521 stepwise approach expectations

    Weighting: 20–25% of course grade

    Submission format: APA 7th edition formatted paper, LMS upload

    Assignment Overview

    Advanced pharmacology courses emphasize stepwise management protocols for chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma. This Week 3 assignment requires you to describe the stepwise approach to asthma treatment, apply it to an assigned patient scenario, and explain how the model supports long-term control while minimizing exacerbations. The paper should demonstrate clinical reasoning, guideline integration, and pharmacologic justification tailored to patient-specific factors.

    Asthma pharmacotherapy requires structured escalation and de-escalation of treatment based on symptom frequency, lung function, and exacerbation risk. The stepwise framework promotes individualized care by aligning anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator therapies with disease severity and control. Evidence-based guidelines emphasize inhaled corticosteroids as foundational therapy because they target airway inflammation, which is central to asthma pathophysiology (Global Initiative for Asthma, 2025). Applying this framework ensures safe optimization of therapy while reducing unnecessary systemic corticosteroid exposure.

    Learning Outcomes

    On successful completion, you will be able to:

    • Describe the six-step GINA or NAEPP stepwise approach to asthma pharmacotherapy.

    • Analyze patient factors influencing asthma severity, control, and treatment response.

    • Justify appropriate controller and reliever medications based on current guidelines and patient presentation.

    • Explain the rationale for stepwise escalation, maintenance, or stepping down therapy.

    Patient Case Assignment

    Your instructor provides a specific asthma patient case via course announcements. The example below is for reference only.

    Example Case

    A 6-year-old boy with moderate persistent asthma presents for follow-up after two emergency visits in the past year for exacerbations triggered by exercise and pollen. Current regimen includes as-needed albuterol inhaler. Symptoms persist despite reported adherence. School absences are increasing. No recent systemic steroids. Peak flow is 70 percent of predicted.

    Task Instructions

    Write a focused 2–3 page paper addressing the required elements below using APA headings. Support all pharmacologic decisions with current guideline references and patient-specific rationale.

    1. Describe the Stepwise Approach (Approx. 300–400 Words)

    • Outline the six steps of asthma management according to current GINA (2025) or NAEPP guidelines.

    • Identify preferred controller therapies such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), long-acting beta-agonists (LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), and biologic agents.

    • Describe reliever medication options at each step.

    • Explain criteria for therapy escalation, assessment of control, and stepping down.

    2. Apply to the Assigned Patient Case (Approx. 400–500 Words)

    • Assess the patient’s asthma severity and current level of control.

    • Identify risk factors including age, environmental triggers, adherence, inhaler technique, and comorbidities.

    • Determine the appropriate step for therapy initiation or adjustment.

    • Propose a detailed pharmacotherapy regimen including drug names, doses, delivery devices, and frequency.

    • Address both short-term reliever and long-term controller strategies.

    • Provide pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic rationale for medication selection.

    3. Explain Stepwise Benefits (Approx. 200 Words)

    • Discuss how stepwise management promotes sustained asthma control.

    • Explain how the model enhances safety, reduces overtreatment, and supports individualized care.

    • Describe how ongoing reassessment improves long-term outcomes.

    Formatting and Academic Integrity

    • Length: 2–3 pages double-spaced (800–1,000 words), excluding title and reference pages.

    • Style: APA 7th edition formatting, 12-point font, 1-inch margins.

    • Sources: Minimum of 3–4 current scholarly references published between 2018 and 2026.

    • Originality: Provide independent analysis. Cite all guideline and pharmacologic sources accurately.

    Analytic Scoring Rubric – Asthma Stepwise Assignment

    Evaluation reflects guideline accuracy, case integration, pharmacologic reasoning, and scholarly writing quality.

    Stepwise Approach Description (30 Points)

    • Exemplary (27–30): Complete and accurate outline of all steps with preferred medications and devices; clear explanation of escalation and de-escalation criteria.

    • Proficient (24–26): Minor omissions in medication details or criteria.

    • Developing (21–23): Partial coverage with minor guideline inaccuracies.

    • Needs Improvement (≤20): Incomplete or incorrect description.

    Case Application and Regimen Justification (40 Points)

    • Exemplary (36–40): Accurate severity assessment; guideline-aligned regimen; strong pharmacologic rationale tied to patient factors.

    • Proficient (32–35): Appropriate regimen with minor gaps in justification.

    • Developing (28–31): Partially justified regimen; overlooks important factors.

    • Needs Improvement (≤27): Inappropriate therapy or weak rationale.

    Explanation of Stepwise Benefits (15 Points)

    • Exemplary (14–15): Insightful discussion linking safety, efficacy, and individualized care.

    • Proficient (12–13): Clear explanation with examples.

    • Developing (10–11): General description lacking depth.

    • Needs Improvement (≤9): Minimal or inaccurate explanation.

    Scholarly Writing and APA (15 Points)

    • Exemplary (14–15): Clear organization; concise writing; accurate APA formatting; within required length.

    • Proficient (12–13): Minor errors.

    • Developing (10–11): Noticeable clarity or formatting issues.

    • Needs Improvement (≤9): Frequent writing or APA errors.

     (Model Sections – Not for Submission)

    The stepwise approach begins at Step 1 with as-needed low-dose ICS–formoterol as both controller and reliever therapy for mild asthma. Step 2 introduces daily low-dose inhaled corticosteroids. Step 3 adds a LABA to low-dose ICS for persistent symptoms. Step 4 escalates to medium-dose ICS–LABA combinations. Step 5 incorporates LAMA therapy or biologic agents targeting IgE or interleukins in severe asthma. Step 6 reserves oral corticosteroids for refractory cases. Escalation is recommended when symptoms occur more than twice weekly, nocturnal awakenings increase, or lung function remains below 80 percent of predicted.

    For the 6-year-old patient described, findings indicate moderate persistent asthma with poor control. A Step 3 regimen is appropriate. Initiating daily low-dose fluticasone via spacer combined with a LABA such as salmeterol addresses airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Continued access to as-needed albuterol provides rescue therapy. Age-appropriate inhaler education and caregiver involvement are essential to optimize therapeutic response.

    Stepwise management benefits patients by aligning treatment intensity with disease severity while allowing periodic reassessment. This approach prevents unnecessary high-dose corticosteroid exposure and promotes long-term control through structured follow-up.

     References

    Global Initiative for Asthma, 2025. 2025 GINA report, global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Available at: https://ginasthma.org/reports/ (Accessed 19 February 2026).

    Reddel, H.K., Bacharier, L.B., Bateman, E.D., Duijts, L., FitzGerald, J.M., Garcia-Garcia, M.L., Halpin, D.M.G., Holguin, F., Jackson, D.J., Papadopoulos, N.G., Pizzichini, E., Powell, H., Szefler, S.J., Yorgancıoğlu, A.O. and Boulet, L.P., 2022. Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive summary and rationale for key changes. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 205(1), pp.17–35.

    Cloutier, M.M., Baptist, A.P., Blake, K.V., Brooks, E.G., Bryant-McAllister, K., Dixon, A.E., Lemanske, R.F., Ouellette, D.R., Pace, W.D., Schatz, M., Skolnik, N.S., Stout, J.W., Teach, S.J., Umscheid, C.A., Walsh, C.G., Williams, P.V. and Yawn, B.P., 2020. 2020 focused updates to the asthma management guidelines. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 146(6), pp.1217–1270.

    Liu, A.H., Zeiger, R., Sorkness, C., Ostrom, E., Bloomberg, G., Fuhrmann, V., Douglas, R., Nagykalnai, T., Hoyt, A.E., Sublett, J., Peden, D., Gupta, S., Krusinska, E., Fabbri, L.M., Meltzer, E.O., Pau, A., Serota, A., Hillyer, E.V., Stoloff, S.W., Cox, L., Murphy, K.R., Schatz, M., Israel, E., Wechsler, M.E., Yawn, B.P. and Boushey, H.A., 2019. Asthma management considerations in pediatric populations. Chest, 156(6), pp.1258–1267.

    Barnes, P.J., 2019. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and asthma: Mechanisms of action and clinical implications. European Respiratory Journal, 54(6), 1900473.

  • NURS 6501 modules case study analysis, discussion posts

    Walden University — College of Nursing

    Course Code & Title: NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology

    Program Level: MSN — Advanced Practice Registered Nursing (APRN)

    Pre-requisite: Graduate-level anatomy, physiology, and chemistry or instructor permission

    Course Duration: 11 weeks across 8 modules

    Required Text: McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (8th ed.). Mosby/Elsevier.

    Supplementary Resource: Evolve online resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com (free student registration required)

    Assessment Structure: Per module: 1 Discussion Post + 1 Knowledge Check Quiz + 1 Case Study Analysis (all 8 modules)

    Midterm Exam: Week 6 — covers Modules 1–4

    Final Exam: Week 11 — covers Modules 5–8

    File Naming: M[#]Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension) — e.g., M1AssgnJohnsonA.docx

    APA Format: 7th Edition

    Academic Year: 2025–2026

    NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology — Complete Assignment Brief, All 8 Modules: Case Study Analyses, Discussion Posts & Grading Rubrics

    Course Overview

    NURS 6501 is the required Advanced Pathophysiology course in the Walden MSN-APRN program. Students apply an in-depth understanding of bio-physiological processes — and deviations from those processes — to develop appropriate treatment plans for patients across the lifespan. The course moves from foundational cellular biology through major organ system disorders, integrating genetic influences, racial and ethnic variables, and patient-specific characteristics into every clinical analysis.

    The course is organized into 8 modules spanning 11 weeks. Each module contains a Discussion post, a Knowledge Check quiz, and a 1- to 2-page Case Study Analysis assignment. A Midterm Exam (Modules 1–4) is administered in Week 6. A Final Exam (Modules 5–8) is administered in Week 11. Case study scenarios are assigned by the instructor via Course Announcements on Day 1 of the relevant week.

    Formatting Requirement for All Assignments: The Walden College of Nursing requires that all papers include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. Use the Walden Writing Center APA sample paper at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates. File naming: M[#]Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension).

    Official Walden NURS 6501 Discussion Rubric (Used for All Modules — Total: 100 Points)

    This rubric applies to all eight module Discussion posts and responses throughout the course.

    Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor
    Main Posting (50%) (45–50 pts) Answers all parts of the Discussion question(s) with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge from course readings and current credible sources. Supported by at least 3 current, credible sources. No grammatical or spelling errors; fully adheres to current APA 7. (40–44 pts) Responds to the Discussion question(s); reflective with critical analysis; at least 75% of post has exceptional depth. Supported by at least 3 credible sources. Fully adheres to APA 7 with one or no errors. (35–39 pts) Responds to some of the Discussion question(s). One or two criteria superficially addressed. Lacks full synthesis. Cited with 2 credible sources. May contain more than 2 spelling or grammatical errors. Contains some APA formatting errors. (0–34 pts) Does not respond adequately. Lacks depth, synthesis, and critical analysis. Contains only 1 or no credible sources. More than 2 spelling or grammatical errors. Does not adhere to APA 7.
    Main Post: Timeliness (10%) (10 pts) Posts main post by Day 3. N/A N/A (0 pts) Does not post main post by Day 3.
    First Response (17–18%) (17–18 pts) Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings. Supported by at least 2 scholarly sources. Communication is professional and respectful. (15–16 pts) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice. Supported by 2 or more credible sources. Communication is professional. (13–14 pts) Response is on topic and may have some depth. May lack professional communication. Response may lack clear, concise opinions; few or no credible sources cited. (0–12 pts) Response may not be on topic and lacks depth. Lacks effective professional communication. No credible sources cited.
    Second Response (16–17%) (16–17 pts) Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings. Supported by at least 2 scholarly sources. Demonstrates understanding of Learning Objectives. Communication is professional. (14–15 pts) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice. Communication is professional. Supported by 2 or more credible sources. (12–13 pts) Response is on topic and may have some depth. Responses may lack effective professional communication. Response may lack clear ideas; few or no credible sources cited. (0–11 pts) Response may not be on topic and lacks depth. Lacks effective professional communication. No credible sources cited.
    Participation (5%) (5 pts) Meets requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days. N/A N/A (0 pts) Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days.

    Module 1: Foundational Concepts of Cellular Pathophysiology (Weeks 1–2)

    Module 1 is a 2-week module covering Weeks 1 and 2. Students examine fundamental concepts of cellular processes and the alterations that lead to various diseases, evaluate the genetic environment and its impact on disease, and consider patient characteristics — including racial and ethnic variables — that affect physiological functioning.

    Key Learning Resources: McCance & Huether, Chapters 1–13; Justiz-Vaillant & Zito (2022) on immediate hypersensitivity reactions; Evolve media for Chapters 3, 7, and 8.

    Module 1 Schedule

    When What
    Days 1–7, Weeks 1 & 2 Review all Learning Resources (McCance & Huether, Chapters 1–13; StatPearls readings; Evolve videos and animations for Chapters 3, 7, and 8).
    Week 1, Day 3 Post initial Discussion response to the instructor-assigned cellular processes scenario.
    Week 1, Day 6 Respond to at least two colleagues on 2 different days.
    Days 1–7, Week 2 Work on Module 1 Case Study Analysis throughout the week.
    Week 2, Day 7 Submit Module 1 Case Study Analysis (M1Assgn).

    Week 1 Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes

    At its core, pathology is the study of disease. Diseases occur for many reasons. But some — such as cystic fibrosis and Parkinson’s disease — occur because of alterations that prevent cells from functioning normally. For the APRN, understanding the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment, and can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

    To Prepare

    By Day 1 of Week 1, you will be assigned to a specific scenario for this Discussion. Please see the Course Announcements section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

    By Day 3 of Week 1 — Initial Post

    Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:

    • The role genetics plays in the disease.
    • Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
    • The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
    • The cells that are involved in this process.
    • How another characteristic (e.g., gender, ethnicity, age) would change your response.

    By Day 6 of Week 1 — Peer Responses (min. 2, on 2 different days)

    Respond to at least two colleagues on 2 different days. Respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. Include why their explanations make physiological sense — or why they do not.

    Note: You are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Once you click Submit, you cannot delete or edit your post.

    Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis (1 to 2 Pages)

    An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact on disease emergence and severity.

    To Prepare

    By Day 1 of Week 2, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Assignment. Please see the Course Announcements section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

    The Assignment (1- to 2-page Case Study Analysis)

    Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

    • Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
    • Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
    • Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

    Save as: M1Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 2.

    Module 1 Case Study Analysis Rubric

    Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor Pts
    Symptom Explanation Comprehensive explanation of all presenting symptoms; pathophysiological mechanism clearly and accurately described; all aspects of the case addressed. Explanation of most presenting symptoms; mechanism mostly accurate; minor gaps. Explanation of some symptoms; mechanism partially accurate or incomplete. Superficial or missing explanation; inaccurate pathophysiology. 30
    Genetic Association Specific genes identified; genetic mechanism explained at the molecular level with accuracy. Genetic associations identified; molecular-level explanation partially complete. Genetic association mentioned but lacks specificity or accuracy. No genetic analysis; incorrect associations stated. 30
    Immunosuppression and Systemic Impact Immunosuppression process thoroughly explained; effect on multiple body systems clearly articulated; connection to patient case explicit. Immunosuppression explained; systemic impact addressed for most systems; connection to case present. Immunosuppression mentioned but systemic impact vague or limited to one system. No substantive immunosuppression analysis; systemic impact absent. 25
    APA 7, Sources (min. 3), Format, Writing Quality Title page, intro, summary, and references per Walden template; 3+ current credible sources in APA 7; 1–2 pages; no significant errors. Format substantially correct; 3 sources; minor APA errors; 1–2 pages met. Format partially correct; fewer than 3 sources or several APA errors. Format absent or significantly incorrect; no credible sources cited. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Module 2: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders (Weeks 3–4)

    Module 2 is a 2-week module covering Weeks 3 and 4. Students examine fundamental concepts of diseases and disorders that impact the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work in close partnership — a disease in one creates cascading effects in the other. Students analyze alterations in both systems, evaluate racial and ethnic variables, and consider patient characteristics that impact physiological functioning.

    Key Learning Resources: McCance & Huether, Chapters 32, 33, 35, 36.

    Module 2 Schedule

    When What
    Days 1–7, Weeks 3 & 4 Review all Learning Resources on cardiovascular and respiratory pathophysiology.
    Week 3, Day 3 Post initial Discussion response to the instructor-assigned cardiovascular/respiratory scenario.
    Week 3, Day 6 Respond to at least two colleagues on 2 different days.
    Week 3 Knowledge Check Complete Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders.
    Week 4, Day 7 Submit Module 2 Case Study Analysis (M2Assgn).

    Week 3 Discussion: Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

    Cardiovascular and respiratory disease and disorders are among the most common reasons for hospital visits and among the leading causes of mortality. For APRNs, the ability to recognize and explain pathophysiological processes in both systems — and the ways they interact — is essential for diagnosis, patient education, and treatment planning.

    By Day 3 of Week 3 — Initial Post

    You will be assigned to a specific scenario. Post an explanation of the cardiovascular and/or respiratory disorder, including:

    • The cardiovascular and/or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these processes interact to affect the patient.
    • How another characteristic (e.g., age, gender, comorbidity) would change your explanation.

    By Day 6 of Week 3 — Peer Responses (min. 2, on 2 different days)

    Agree or disagree with their physiological analysis and support your position. Address whether their explanation of the interaction between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is physiologically accurate.

    Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis (1 to 2 Pages)

    The Assignment (1- to 2-page Case Study Analysis)

    In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

    • The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these processes interact to affect the patient.

    Save as: M2Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 4.

    Module 2 Case Study Analysis Rubric

    Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor Pts
    Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes Both cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary processes accurately and completely described; all symptom presentations explained using correct physiological mechanisms. Both processes addressed; one is less completely or accurately described. One process thoroughly addressed; the other superficial or partially inaccurate. Processes not clearly described or physiologically inaccurate. 35
    Racial/Ethnic Variables and Physiological Impact Relevant racial/ethnic variables clearly identified; specific physiological impact accurately explained using current evidence. Variables identified; impact addressed but could be more specific or evidence-based. Variables mentioned but impact on physiology vague or missing. No racial/ethnic variables identified or discussed. 25
    Systems Interaction Analysis How the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary processes interact to affect the patient is clearly and accurately analyzed; clinical implications stated. Interaction analyzed; clinical implications partially stated. Interaction mentioned but analysis thin or not clearly patient-specific. No interaction analysis. 25
    APA 7, Sources, Format, Writing Quality Walden format complete; 3+ credible sources in APA 7; 1–2 pages; no significant errors. Format substantially correct; 3 sources; minor APA errors. Partially correct; fewer than 3 sources or several APA errors. Format absent; no credible sources cited. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Module 3: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders (Weeks 5–6)

    Module 3 covers Weeks 5 and 6. Students analyze pathophysiological processes related to gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders. The Midterm Exam is administered in Week 6 and covers Modules 1 through 4. Begin reviewing for the Midterm using the NURS 6501 Midterm Exam Review document in the Learning Resources.

    Key Learning Resources: McCance & Huether, Chapters 39–43.

    Module 3 Schedule

    When What
    Days 1–7, Weeks 5 & 6 Review all Learning Resources on GI and hepatobiliary pathophysiology. Begin Midterm Exam preparation.
    Week 5, Day 3 Post initial Discussion response to the instructor-assigned GI/hepatobiliary scenario.
    Week 5, Day 6 Respond to at least two colleagues on 2 different days.
    Week 5 Knowledge Check Complete Week 5 Knowledge Check: GI and Hepatobiliary Disorders.
    Week 6 Complete Midterm Exam (Modules 1–4).
    Week 6, Day 7 Submit Module 3 Case Study Analysis (M3Assgn).
    Midterm Exam — Week 6: The Midterm Exam covers Modules 1 through 4 (cellular processes, cardiovascular/respiratory, GI/hepatobiliary, and endocrine). Use the NURS 6501 Midterm Exam Review PDF in your Learning Resources. The exam consists of scenario-based multiple-choice questions.

    Week 5 Discussion: Alterations in the Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Systems

    The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most complex organ systems in the human body. When alterations occur — whether due to infection, autoimmune processes, structural abnormalities, or metabolic dysfunction — the consequences frequently extend beyond the GI system, affecting nutrition, fluid balance, immune function, and systemic metabolic homeostasis.

    By Day 3 of Week 5 — Initial Post

    You will be assigned to a specific GI or hepatobiliary scenario. Post an explanation of the disorder, including:

    • The gastrointestinal and/or hepatobiliary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these processes interact to affect the patient.
    • How another patient characteristic (e.g., alcohol use history, nutritional status, comorbidity) would change your explanation.

    By Day 6 of Week 5 — Peer Responses (min. 2, on 2 different days)

    Agree or disagree with your colleague’s pathophysiological explanation. Identify any physiological connections between the GI and hepatobiliary systems they may not have addressed, or explain why their interaction analysis is or is not physiologically accurate.

    Module 3 Assignment: Case Study Analysis (1 to 2 Pages)

    The Assignment (1- to 2-page Case Study Analysis)

    In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

    • The gastrointestinal and/or hepatobiliary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these processes interact to affect the patient.

    Save as: M3Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 6.

    Module 3 Case Study Analysis Rubric

    Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor Pts
    GI and Hepatobiliary Pathophysiologic Processes Both GI and hepatobiliary processes accurately described; all presenting symptoms fully explained using correct physiological mechanism. Both addressed; one less completely or accurately described. One thoroughly addressed; the other superficial. Processes not clearly described or inaccurate. 35
    Racial/Ethnic Variables Variables identified; specific physiological impact on the disease process accurately explained. Variables identified; impact addressed but could be more specific. Variables mentioned but impact vague. No variables identified or discussed. 25
    Systems Interaction Analysis How GI and hepatobiliary processes interact is accurately analyzed; clinical implications stated. Interaction analyzed; implications partially stated. Interaction mentioned but thin or not patient-specific. No interaction analysis. 25
    APA 7, Format, Sources, Writing Quality Walden format complete; 3+ credible sources in APA 7; 1–2 pages; no significant errors. Format substantially correct; 3 sources; minor APA errors. Partially correct; fewer than 3 sources or APA errors throughout. Format absent; no credible sources. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Module 4: Endocrine Disorders (Weeks 6–7)

    Module 4 is a 2-week module covering Weeks 6 and 7. Students analyze diseases and disorders that impact the endocrine system. The endocrine system governs hormonal regulation across all major organ systems, and alterations — from hypothyroidism to diabetes to adrenal insufficiency — produce widespread systemic effects. The Discussion post for Module 4 occurs in Week 6, concurrent with the Midterm Exam.

    Key Learning Resources: McCance & Huether, Chapters 21–23; Evolve animations for endocrine chapters.

    Module 4 Schedule

    When What
    Days 1–7, Weeks 6 & 7 Review all Learning Resources on endocrine pathophysiology. Complete Midterm Exam in Week 6.
    Week 6, Day 3 Post initial Discussion response to the assigned endocrine scenario.
    Week 6, Day 6 Respond to at least two colleagues on 2 different days.
    Week 6 Knowledge Check Complete Week 6 Knowledge Check: Concepts of Endocrine Disorders.
    Week 7, Day 7 Submit Module 4 Case Study Analysis (M4Assgn).

    Week 6 Discussion: Alterations in Endocrine Function

    The endocrine system’s reach extends through virtually every tissue and organ in the body. A single gland’s dysfunction — whether it produces too much or too little of a hormone — can disrupt fluid balance, metabolic rate, reproductive function, vascular tone, and immune defense simultaneously. Precision in identifying the hormonal mechanism behind a patient presentation is essential for both diagnosis and treatment planning.

    By Day 3 of Week 6 — Initial Post

    You will be assigned to a specific endocrine scenario. Post an explanation of the disorder, including:

    • The endocrine pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How the endocrine dysfunction interacts with other body systems to affect the patient.
    • How another patient characteristic (e.g., pregnancy, age, medication use) would change your explanation.

    By Day 6 of Week 6 — Peer Responses (min. 2, on 2 different days)

    Evaluate whether your colleagues have accurately explained how the hormonal dysfunction produces the patient’s presenting symptoms, and whether the interaction with other body systems is correctly analyzed.

    Module 4 Assignment: Case Study Analysis (1 to 2 Pages)

    The Assignment (1- to 2-page Case Study Analysis)

    • The endocrine pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these endocrine processes interact with other body systems to affect the patient.

    Save as: M4Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 7.

    Module 4 Case Study Analysis Rubric

    Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor Pts
    Endocrine Pathophysiologic Processes Endocrine disorder and hormonal mechanism accurately and completely described; all presenting symptoms explained using correct physiological pathway. Mechanism mostly accurate; one or two presenting symptoms less fully addressed. Mechanism partially accurate; not all symptoms connected to the endocrine process. Mechanism absent, superficial, or physiologically inaccurate. 35
    Racial/Ethnic Variables Variables identified; specific impact on endocrine physiology or disease expression accurately explained. Variables identified; impact addressed but could be more specific or evidence-based. Variables mentioned but impact vague. No variables identified. 25
    Interaction with Other Body Systems How the endocrine dysfunction interacts with at least two other body systems is accurately analyzed; clinical implications stated. Interaction with at least one other system addressed; clinical implications partially stated. Interaction mentioned but thin or not patient-specific. No systems interaction analysis. 25
    APA 7, Format, Sources, Writing Quality Walden format complete; 3+ credible sources in APA 7; 1–2 pages; no significant errors. Format substantially correct; 3 sources; minor APA errors. Partially correct; fewer than 3 sources or APA errors throughout. Format absent; no credible sources. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Module 5: Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders (Weeks 7–8)

    Module 5 is a 2-week module covering Weeks 7 and 8. Students analyze diseases and disorders that impact the neurological and musculoskeletal systems. Conditions such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis have significant secondary impacts on musculoskeletal function. Students analyze how these systems interact and how patient characteristics influence disease expression.

    Key Learning Resources: McCance & Huether, Chapters 15–17 (neurological) and Chapters 44–47 (musculoskeletal).

    Module 5 Schedule

    When What
    Days 1–7, Weeks 7 & 8 Review all Learning Resources on neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiology.
    Week 7, Day 3 Post initial Discussion response to the assigned neurological/musculoskeletal scenario.
    Week 7, Day 6 Respond to at least two colleagues on 2 different days.
    Week 7 Knowledge Check Complete Week 7 Knowledge Check: Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders.
    Week 8, Day 7 Submit Module 5 Case Study Analysis (M5Assgn).

    Week 7 Discussion: Alterations in Neurological and Musculoskeletal Function

    Neurological and musculoskeletal disorders frequently co-exist. Parkinson’s disease leads to progressive loss of motor control; multiple sclerosis produces demyelination with cascading musculoskeletal consequences; stroke disrupts the motor pathways that govern muscle function. The ability to analyze both the neurological mechanism and its musculoskeletal consequences is essential for holistic patient assessment and care planning.

    By Day 3 of Week 7 — Initial Post

    • Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these processes interact to affect the patient.
    • How another patient characteristic (e.g., age, prior injury, genetic predisposition) would change your explanation.

    By Day 6 of Week 7 — Peer Responses (min. 2, on 2 different days)

    Evaluate whether colleagues have accurately identified the neurological mechanism underlying the musculoskeletal presentation. Offer an additional perspective on the systems interaction or a racial/ethnic variable they may not have considered.

    Module 5 Assignment: Case Study Analysis (1 to 2 Pages)

    The Assignment (1- to 2-page Case Study Analysis)

    • Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these processes interact to affect the patient.

    Save as: M5Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 8.

    Module 5 Case Study Analysis Rubric

    Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor Pts
    Neurological and Musculoskeletal Processes Both processes accurately and completely described; all presenting symptoms explained using correct physiological mechanisms. Both addressed; one less completely or accurately described. One thoroughly addressed; the other superficial. Processes absent or physiologically inaccurate. 35
    Racial/Ethnic Variables Variables identified; specific impact on neurological or musculoskeletal physiology accurately explained using current evidence. Variables identified; impact present but could be more specific. Variables mentioned but impact vague. No variables identified. 25
    Systems Interaction Analysis How neurological and musculoskeletal processes interact is accurately analyzed; clinical implications explicitly stated. Interaction analyzed; implications partially stated. Interaction mentioned but thin or not patient-specific. No interaction analysis. 25
    APA 7, Format, Sources, Writing Quality Walden format complete; 3+ credible sources in APA 7; 1–2 pages; no significant errors. Format substantially correct; 3 sources; minor APA errors. Partially correct; fewer than 3 sources or APA errors throughout. Format absent; no credible sources. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Module 6: Renal and Urologic Disorders (Week 9)

    Module 6 is a 1-week module covering Week 9. Students analyze diseases and disorders that impact the renal and urologic systems. The kidneys maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and serve as major endocrine organs. When renal function is compromised — from acute kidney injury through chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal failure — systemic consequences are profound and often multi-organ in scope.

    Key Learning Resources: McCance & Huether, Chapters 37–38.

    Module 6 Schedule

    When What
    Days 1–7, Week 9 Review all Learning Resources on renal and urologic pathophysiology.
    Week 9, Day 3 Post initial Discussion response to the assigned renal/urologic scenario.
    Week 9, Day 6 Respond to at least two colleagues on 2 different days.
    Week 9 Knowledge Check Complete Week 9 Knowledge Check: Renal and Urologic Disorders.
    Week 9, Day 7 Submit Module 6 Case Study Analysis (M6Assgn).

    Week 9 Discussion: Alterations in Renal and Urologic Function

    The renal system’s critical role in maintaining homeostasis means that alterations in kidney function quickly produce complications throughout the body — fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, acid-base disturbances, hypertension, anemia, and impaired drug clearance. Recognizing the cascade of systemic consequences that flow from a specific renal pathophysiology is essential for both diagnosis and safe prescribing.

    By Day 3 of Week 9 — Initial Post

    • The renal and/or urologic pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these renal processes interact with other body systems to affect the patient.
    • How another patient characteristic (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, medication use) would change your explanation.

    By Day 6 of Week 9 — Peer Responses (min. 2, on 2 different days)

    Evaluate whether colleagues have accurately explained the renal pathophysiology and its systemic consequences. Identify a variable or systemic interaction they may not have considered, or affirm their analysis with evidence from the Learning Resources.

    Module 6 Assignment: Case Study Analysis (1 to 2 Pages)

    The Assignment (1- to 2-page Case Study Analysis)

    • The renal and/or urologic pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these renal and urologic processes interact with other body systems to affect the patient.

    Save as: M6Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 9.

    Module 6 Case Study Analysis Rubric

    Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor Pts
    Renal and Urologic Pathophysiologic Processes Pathophysiology accurately and completely described; all presenting symptoms explained using correct mechanisms. Mechanism mostly accurate; one or two symptoms less fully addressed. Mechanism partially accurate; not all symptoms connected to the renal process. Mechanism absent or physiologically inaccurate. 35
    Racial/Ethnic Variables Variables identified; specific impact on renal physiology or disease expression accurately explained. Variables identified; impact addressed but could be more specific. Variables mentioned but impact vague. No variables identified. 25
    Systemic Interaction Analysis How renal dysfunction interacts with at least two other body systems is accurately analyzed; clinical implications explicitly stated. Interaction with at least one other system addressed; implications partially stated. Interaction mentioned but thin or not patient-specific. No systemic interaction analysis. 25
    APA 7, Format, Sources, Writing Quality Walden format complete; 3+ credible sources in APA 7; 1–2 pages; no significant errors. Format substantially correct; 3 sources; minor APA errors. Partially correct; fewer than 3 sources or APA errors throughout. Format absent; no credible sources. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Module 7: Women’s and Men’s Health, Reproductive, and Hematologic Disorders (Week 10)

    Module 7 is a 1-week module covering Week 10. Students analyze diseases and disorders related to women’s and men’s reproductive health and hematologic disorders — from sexually transmitted infections and fertility disorders to hemolytic anemias, coagulation disorders, and gender-specific cancers. Racial and ethnic variables have significant documented influence across all of these conditions.

    Key Learning Resources: McCance & Huether, Chapters 24–26 (reproductive) and Chapters 28–30 (hematologic).

    Module 7 Schedule

    When What
    Days 1–7, Week 10 Review all Learning Resources on reproductive and hematologic pathophysiology.
    Week 10, Day 3 Post initial Discussion response to the assigned reproductive/hematologic scenario.
    Week 10, Day 6 Respond to at least two colleagues on 2 different days.
    Week 10 Knowledge Check Complete Week 10 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders.
    Week 10, Day 7 Submit Module 7 Case Study Analysis (M7Assgn).

    Week 10 Discussion: Alterations in Reproductive and Hematologic Function

    Reproductive and hematologic pathophysiology present some of the most nuanced challenges in advanced practice nursing. Conditions such as sickle cell disease, infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, and testicular or prostate disorders require APRNs to integrate hormonal, genetic, immune, and vascular mechanisms — and to understand how racial, ethnic, and gender variables shape each patient’s disease experience.

    By Day 3 of Week 10 — Initial Post

    • The reproductive and/or hematologic pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these processes interact to affect the patient.
    • How gender-specific physiology or another patient characteristic (e.g., genetic background, hormonal status) would change your explanation.

    By Day 6 of Week 10 — Peer Responses (min. 2, on 2 different days)

    Evaluate whether colleagues have accurately addressed the genetic mechanism, racial/ethnic variable, or systemic interaction. Offer an additional evidence-based perspective where relevant.

    Module 7 Assignment: Case Study Analysis (1 to 2 Pages)

    The Assignment (1- to 2-page Case Study Analysis)

    • The reproductive and/or hematologic pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these processes interact to affect the patient.

    Save as: M7Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 10.

    Module 7 Case Study Analysis Rubric

    Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor Pts
    Reproductive and/or Hematologic Pathophysiologic Processes Processes accurately and completely described; all presenting symptoms explained using correct physiological and/or genetic mechanisms. Processes mostly accurate; one or two symptoms less fully addressed. Mechanism partially accurate; not all symptoms connected to the stated process. Mechanism absent, superficial, or physiologically inaccurate. 35
    Racial/Ethnic Variables Variables identified; specific impact on reproductive or hematologic physiology accurately explained using current evidence. Variables identified; impact addressed but could be more specific. Variables mentioned but impact vague. No variables identified. 25
    Interaction and Systemic Impact How reproductive and/or hematologic processes interact with other body systems is accurately analyzed; clinical implications stated. Interaction analyzed; clinical implications partially stated. Interaction mentioned but thin or not patient-specific. No interaction or systemic impact analysis. 25
    APA 7, Format, Sources, Writing Quality Walden format complete; 3+ credible sources in APA 7; 1–2 pages; no significant errors. Format substantially correct; 3 sources; minor APA errors. Partially correct; fewer than 3 sources or APA errors throughout. Format absent; no credible sources. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

    Module 8: Pediatric Pathophysiology (Week 11)

    Module 8 is a 1-week module covering Week 11. Students analyze disease processes specific to pediatric populations. Children are not simply small adults — their organ systems are still developing, their immune responses differ, and their disease processes have distinct mechanisms, presentations, and outcomes compared to adults. The Final Exam covers Modules 5 through 8 and is administered in Week 11.

    Key Learning Resources: McCance & Huether, Chapters 48–50.

    Module 8 Schedule

    When What
    Days 1–7, Week 11 Review all Learning Resources on pediatric pathophysiology. Prepare for the Final Exam.
    Week 11, Day 3 Post initial Discussion response to the assigned pediatric scenario.
    Week 11, Day 6 Respond to at least two colleagues on 2 different days.
    Week 11 Knowledge Check Complete Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics.
    Week 11, Day 7 Submit Module 8 Case Study Analysis (M8Assgn).
    Week 11 Final Exam Complete Final Exam (covering Modules 5–8).
    Final Exam — Week 11: The Final Exam covers Modules 5 through 8 (neurological/musculoskeletal, renal/urologic, reproductive/hematologic, and pediatric pathophysiology). Prepare using the Learning Resources from each module and the Final Exam Review document. The exam consists of scenario-based multiple-choice questions.

    Week 11 Discussion: Alterations in Pediatric Physiology

    Pediatric pathophysiology demands a distinct clinical lens. The anatomical and physiological differences between children and adults — immature immune systems, developing airways, proportionally different fluid volumes, and rapidly changing pharmacokinetics — mean that disease presents differently, progresses differently, and responds to treatment differently across pediatric age groups. Applying adult pathophysiological models to pediatric patients without modification is a common source of clinical error for APRNs.

    By Day 3 of Week 11 — Initial Post

    • The pediatric pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • How pediatric-specific physiology (e.g., immature immune function, airway anatomy, fluid-to-body-weight ratios, developmental stage) modifies the disease process compared to an adult presentation.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How the child’s specific developmental stage or another patient characteristic would change your explanation.

    By Day 6 of Week 11 — Peer Responses (min. 2, on 2 different days)

    Evaluate whether colleagues have correctly applied pediatric-specific physiological principles. Identify any adult-model assumptions in their analysis, or affirm the accuracy of their pediatric mechanism description with an additional evidence-based perspective.

    Module 8 Assignment: Case Study Analysis (1 to 2 Pages)

    The Assignment (1- to 2-page Case Study Analysis)

    • The pediatric pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
    • How pediatric-specific physiological differences (developmental, immunological, pharmacokinetic) modify the disease process compared to an adult presentation.
    • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
    • How these processes interact to affect the pediatric patient.

    Save as: M8Assgn+LastName+FirstInitial.(extension). Submit by Day 7 of Week 11.

    Module 8 Case Study Analysis Rubric

    Criterion Excellent Good Fair Poor Pts
    Pediatric Pathophysiologic Processes Pediatric disease mechanism accurately and completely described; all presenting symptoms explained using correct mechanisms specific to the pediatric patient. Mechanism mostly accurate; one or two symptoms less fully addressed. Mechanism partially accurate; not all symptoms connected to the stated process. Mechanism absent, superficial, or physiologically inaccurate. 30
    Pediatric-Specific Physiological Differences Pediatric-specific differences clearly identified and applied; accurate comparison to adult presentation demonstrates understanding of developmental physiology. Differences identified; comparison to adult presentation partially complete. Pediatric differences mentioned but not applied or compared. No pediatric-specific physiological differences addressed. 25
    Racial/Ethnic Variables Variables identified; specific impact on pediatric physiology or disease expression accurately explained. Variables identified; impact addressed but could be more specific. Variables mentioned but impact vague. No variables identified. 20
    Interaction Analysis How pediatric pathophysiologic processes interact across body systems is accurately analyzed; developmental stage considered. Interaction analyzed; developmental stage partially considered. Interaction mentioned but thin or not pediatric-specific. No interaction analysis. 10
    APA 7, Format, Sources, Writing Quality Walden format complete; 3+ credible sources in APA 7; 1–2 pages; no significant errors. Format substantially correct; 3 sources; minor APA errors. Partially correct; fewer than 3 sources or APA errors throughout. Format absent; no credible sources. 15

    Total Possible: 100 points

     NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology

    Advanced pathophysiology requires more than memorizing disease definitions — it demands that APRNs develop the capacity to trace a clinical presentation back to its cellular and molecular origins and forward to its systemic consequences. McCance and Huether (2019) provide the essential framework for this kind of multi-level analysis, offering a biologic basis for understanding how genetic predispositions, immune alterations, and environmental triggers converge to produce the wide range of disease presentations APRNs encounter across the lifespan. A patient presenting with dyspnea, tachycardia, and peripheral edema requires the APRN to differentiate between left-sided heart failure reducing cardiac output, right-sided failure elevating venous pressure, and a pulmonary condition that has secondarily stressed the right ventricle, because the pathophysiological mechanism determines the treatment (McCance & Huether, 2019). Racial and ethnic variables are not peripheral considerations in this analysis but central ones, since conditions such as hypertensive heart disease, sickle cell disease, and type 2 diabetes carry documented disparities in prevalence, severity, and treatment response across racial and ethnic groups. The APRN who can explain to a patient why they developed a disease, why they are presenting with specific symptoms, and why certain interventions are indicated — rather than simply naming the diagnosis — is the APRN who sustains adherence and builds the therapeutic relationship that advanced practice demands.

    Peer-Reviewed References (Harvard / APA 7 Format)

    1. McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby/Elsevier. https://evolve.elsevier.com
    2. Justiz-Vaillant, A. A., & Zito, P. M. (2022). Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/
    3. Bhatt, D. L., Lopes, R. D., & Harrington, R. A. (2022). Diagnosis and treatment of acute coronary syndromes: A review. JAMA327(7), 662–675. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.0358
    4. Braun, L., & Fausto-Sterling, A. (2021). Racial categories in medical practice: How useful are they? PLOS Medicine5(9), e190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050190
    5. Menni, C., Valdes, A., Ren, B., Graumann, J., Fonville, J. M., & Ahmad, S. (2020). Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19. Nature Medicine26(7), 1037–1040. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0916-2
  • NURS-FPX4030 Assessment 1 Locating Credible Databases and Research

    Capella University — School of Nursing and Health Sciences

    Course Code & Title: NURS-FPX4030 — Making Evidence-Based Decisions

    Program Level: BSN (RN-to-BSN) — FlexPath Delivery Format

    Assessment Number: Assessment 1 of 4

    Assessment Title: Locating Credible Databases and Research

    Format: Professional EBP Resource Guide (Scholarly Paper with Practitioner Audience)

    Length: 2–4 pages (excluding APA title page and reference list)

    Referencing Style: APA 7th Edition

    Minimum References: 3 peer-reviewed or scholarly sources, published within the last 5 years

    Competency Alignment: Competencies 1, 2, and 5

    Academic Year: 2025–2026

    NURS-FPX4030 Assessment 1
    Locating Credible Databases and Research

    Capella University — BSN FlexPath | Making Evidence-Based Decisions | 2025–2026

    Course and Assessment Overview

    Baccalaureate-prepared nurses use the best available evidence in the processes of clinical reasoning and judgement, which lead to interventions that result in desired patient, systems, and population outcomes. NURS-FPX4030 focuses on developing generalist nursing practice competencies for evidence-based decision-making. Over the course of four assessments, you will access a range of databases and evidence sources, analyse the credibility of that evidence, and work toward defining evidence-based solutions and improvement plans that affect care quality and patient outcomes.

    Assessment 1 anchors this entire process. Before a nurse can apply evidence effectively, she needs to know where to find it, how to evaluate it, and how to communicate its value to the people she supervises. A baccalaureate-prepared nurse working at the bedside or in a supervisory role is regularly called on to guide less experienced colleagues toward credible resources and away from unreliable ones. That practical, practice-based skill is exactly what this assessment measures.

    You will produce a 2- to 4-page professional resource guide written for a practitioner audience — specifically, the nurses you supervise in the clinical scenario described below. The document is not a standard academic essay. It is a practical, useable resource that another nurse could pick up and apply to their own clinical research process. Write it accordingly.

    Clinical Scenario

    Your Setting and Role

    You are a baccalaureate-prepared nurse supervising three nurses working on the medical-surgical floor of a local teaching hospital. The hospital is nationally recognised as a leader in nursing education and has a well-resourced computer lab with an online library where all staff have access to major medical research databases — including CINAHL, PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane Library — as well as online sources for all hospital policies, procedures, and clinical guidelines. Nurses also have access to these resources from computers at workstations throughout the unit.

    One of the nurses you supervise has been assigned a patient with a diagnosis she is unfamiliar with. She is newly hired, conscientious, and motivated — but she does not yet know where to look for reliable clinical evidence, how to evaluate whether a source is trustworthy, or how to narrow a database search to return useful results. She comes to you for guidance.

    Your task is to create a resource that helps her — and your other new nurses — understand how to locate and evaluate evidence-based practice (EBP) resources for clinical decision-making.

    Choosing Your Clinical Diagnosis or Health Care Issue

    Select a specific clinical diagnosis or healthcare issue as the focus of your database search demonstration. You will use this condition as a practical example throughout your resource guide to show your nurses how the search process works in a real clinical context. Common choices confirmed across multiple student submissions include hypertension, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart failure, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), wound care and pressure injury prevention, and post-surgical pain management. Choose a condition relevant to a medical-surgical floor setting and one for which peer-reviewed evidence is readily available.

    Assessment Instructions

    What You Are Creating

    Create a 2- to 4-page resource that describes databases relevant to EBP around the diagnosis you have chosen and that could be used to help newly hired nurses better engage in EBP on the medical-surgical unit. The resource must be something that would be useable in actual professional practice — not just a paper you write for a grade. Write it with a real audience in mind: nurses who are new to EBP research and need clear, practical direction from a knowledgeable supervisor.

    Your resource guide must address all three of the following required content areas. Each maps to a specific course competency and will be assessed individually in the scoring rubric.

    Required Content Area 1 — Communication and Collaboration Strategies to Support EBP Research

    Describe the specific communication strategies you would use to encourage the nurses you supervise to research the diagnosis you have selected, and the strategies you would use to collaborate with them to access and use the resources available at your facility. Your response must:

    • Identify at least two distinct communication strategies — not generic advice, but specific, actionable approaches tailored to a supervisory nurse role in a hospital setting
    • Distinguish between strategies aimed at encouraging research (motivating new nurses to engage with EBP) and strategies aimed at collaborating on resource access (working together to find and apply evidence)
    • Explain why each strategy is appropriate to the clinical and supervisory context described
    • Consider the role of digital platforms, structured team meetings, mentorship frameworks, or shared research activities as collaboration tools
    • Support your communication approach with at least one peer-reviewed source

    This section maps to Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead practice changes based on evidence.

    Required Content Area 2 — Identification of Credible Databases and Evidence Sources

    Identify and describe the specific databases and other evidence sources that are most relevant to your chosen clinical diagnosis and that your nurses should use for EBP research in this setting. For each database or source identified:

    • Name the database or source precisely (e.g., CINAHL Complete, PubMed Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Medline via ProQuest, National Guideline Clearinghouse, ADA Clinical Practice Guidelines)
    • Describe what type of evidence it contains and the scope of its coverage
    • Explain specifically why it is relevant to the diagnosis or healthcare issue you have chosen
    • Explain how a new nurse would access it in the hospital’s existing computer lab or at a workstation

    You must identify a minimum of five (5) credible databases or evidence sources. At least three of these must be formal academic or clinical databases (not general websites). Your list may include one or two authoritative clinical websites (e.g., CDC, WHO, professional association guidelines) in addition to peer-reviewed databases, provided you explain their relevance and credibility.

    This section maps to Competency 1: Interpret findings from scholarly quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research publications.

    Required Content Area 3 — Explaining Why the Sources Provide the Best Evidence

    For each of the five or more databases and sources you identified, explain why they provide the best available evidence for the clinical diagnosis you have chosen. Your explanation must do more than simply state that a source is “peer-reviewed” or “credible.” Address the following for each source or as a synthesised evaluation across sources:

    • Apply the CRAAP test criteria (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) explicitly — either for individual sources or as a framework you explain to your nurses for evaluating any source
    • Explain how each source’s content specifically serves evidence-based decision-making for the diagnosis you have selected
    • Identify what makes these sources superior to general internet sources or non-peer-reviewed materials for clinical decision-making
    • Address the practical accessibility of these sources for nurses in the described hospital setting

    This section maps to Competency 2: Analyse the credibility and relevance of evidence and resources.

    Reference: Core EBP Databases for Medical-Surgical Nursing Practice

    The following table is provided as a teaching reference for how to present and organise database information in your resource guide. You may adapt this format or write the information in prose — the scoring rubric does not require a table, but a well-organised table is a legitimate way to structure the database identification section for a practitioner audience.

    Database / Source What It Contains Relevance to Clinical Practice Access Notes
    CINAHL Complete (EBSCO) Nursing and allied health literature; over 5,400 full-text journals; includes nursing evidence and clinical studies Primary database for nursing-specific EBP; covers medical-surgical nursing care studies, patient education, and clinical protocols Available through Capella Library and most hospital computer labs; accessible at nurse workstations via hospital intranet subscription
    PubMed / PubMed Central (NLM) Biomedical and life sciences literature; over 35 million citations; many full-text articles via PMC Ideal for pharmacological, pathophysiological, and clinical trial evidence relevant to medical-surgical diagnoses Free public access at pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; no login required for citations; PMC provides free full-text articles
    Cochrane Library Systematic reviews and meta-analyses; highest level of evidence synthesis available in clinical literature Best source for Level I evidence; ideal for confirming whether an intervention is supported by the strongest available body of research Available through Capella Library subscription; some reviews freely accessible at cochranelibrary.com
    Medline (via ProQuest or OVID) Biomedical journal literature indexed by NLM; overlaps with PubMed but offers advanced filtering in ProQuest and OVID interfaces Strong for clinical decision-making studies; subject headings (MeSH terms) allow precise filtering to specific diagnoses Available through hospital library subscription via ProQuest or OVID interface at computer lab terminals
    Nursing and Allied Health Collection (ProQuest) Peer-reviewed nursing journals and professional resources; includes AJN, JONA, and specialty nursing publications Practical for finding nursing-authored clinical practice recommendations directly applicable to bedside and supervisory roles Available via ProQuest at hospital computer lab; part of standard nursing school database subscriptions

    Submission Requirements

    • Length: 2–4 pages of written content, not counting the APA title page or reference list; the document should function as a practical resource rather than a conventional academic essay
    • Audience and tone: Write for the nursing colleagues you supervise — professional, clear, practically oriented, and grounded in evidence without being unnecessarily academic in tone
    • Font and spacing: Times New Roman or Calibri, 12-point, double-spaced throughout, 1-inch margins on all sides
    • APA title page: Required — include learner name, Capella University, course code, course title, instructor name, and date
    • In-text citations: All paraphrased or quoted content must be cited in APA 7th edition format; in-text citations are required even in a practitioner-facing resource
    • References: Minimum of 3 scholarly or professional sources, all published within the last 5 years; formatted in APA 7th edition with DOI links where available on a separate reference page
    • APA headings: Use APA-level headings to organise the three content sections clearly
    • Inclusions: The resource must include a description of communication and collaboration strategies, a list or description of relevant databases with rationale, and an explanation of why each source provides the best evidence for the chosen diagnosis
    • File format: Submit as a Microsoft Word (.docx) file through the Assessment area of your NURS-FPX4030 FlexPath courseroom

    Competencies Assessed

    This assessment maps directly to the following NURS-FPX4030 course competencies:

    • Competency 1: Interpret findings from scholarly quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research publications — addressed through the identification and description of peer-reviewed databases and clinical evidence sources relevant to the chosen diagnosis
    • Competency 2: Analyse the credibility and relevance of evidence and resources — addressed through the application of the CRAAP test framework or equivalent credibility criteria to each identified source
    • Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead practice changes based on evidence — addressed through the communication and collaboration strategy section, and assessed throughout the paper via writing quality, organisation, and APA adherence

    Scoring Rubric — NURS-FPX4030 Assessment 1

    Each criterion below maps to a course competency and is rated at one of four levels: Distinguished (100%), Proficient (85%), Basic (75%), or Non-Performance (0%). You must achieve at minimum Proficient on all criteria to pass. Resubmissions within your FlexPath subscription term carry no grade penalty. Study each criterion carefully before you begin drafting — the most common reason for Basic ratings on this assessment is failing to match sources to the specific diagnosis chosen, or treating the communication strategies section as a one-line answer.

    Criterion / Competency Distinguished (100%) Proficient (85%) Basic (75%) Non-Performance (0%)
    Competency 5a: Describe communication strategies to encourage nurses to research the diagnosis, as well as strategies to collaborate with nurses to access resources Describes at least two specific, distinct communication strategies with clear differentiation between those used to encourage EBP research and those used to collaborate on resource access. Strategies are explicitly tied to the supervisory context and the medical-surgical setting described in the scenario. At least one strategy is supported by a peer-reviewed source. The discussion is analytical and practical — not a list of generic communication advice. Describes communication and collaboration strategies with sufficient specificity to be useable in practice. The distinction between encouragement strategies and collaboration strategies is present. At least one peer-reviewed source is referenced. Minor gaps in application to the specific scenario context may exist. Communication strategies are mentioned but described in abstract or generic terms that could apply to any nursing situation. No distinction is made between encouragement and collaboration strategies, or only one type is addressed. A peer-reviewed source may be absent from this section. No meaningful description of communication or collaboration strategies is provided. The section is absent, consists of a single sentence, or contains no actionable content that would be useable by a nurse in the described setting.
    Competency 1: Identify a list of databases and other sources relevant to EBP for the chosen diagnosis, with a description of why they are appropriate — in a form useable in professional practice for other nurses Identifies a minimum of five specific databases or evidence sources with clear, distinct descriptions of each. Each entry includes the name of the database, what type of evidence it contains, why it is relevant to the chosen diagnosis, and how nurses in the described hospital setting can access it. The list is formatted or written in a way that a new nurse could use it as a practical reference. All sources identified are legitimate, recognised clinical or academic databases — not generic websites. Identifies at least five databases or evidence sources with descriptions of their relevance to EBP for the chosen diagnosis. Most entries include enough detail to be useful in practice. Minor omissions — such as missing access instructions for one entry or incomplete description of one source’s content — do not significantly reduce the resource’s practical value. Fewer than five databases are identified, or the descriptions are too brief or generic to be useful to a new nurse. Sources listed may include non-database general websites without explanation. The resource’s usefulness for professional practice is limited by the lack of specificity in database descriptions. No databases or evidence sources are identified, or the list contains only general internet sources (Google, Wikipedia) with no connection to the clinical diagnosis chosen. The resource could not be used by a nurse to guide EBP research in any clinical setting.
    Competency 2: Explain why the identified sources provide the best evidence for the chosen diagnosis or health care issue Provides a clear, well-reasoned explanation of why each identified source is the best available evidence for the chosen diagnosis. Applies the CRAAP test framework (or an equivalent credibility model) explicitly and consistently — either source by source or as an overarching evaluation framework. The explanation demonstrates genuine understanding of evidence hierarchies, peer-review processes, and database quality, and addresses why these sources are superior to general internet resources for clinical decision-making. Explains why the identified sources provide strong evidence for the chosen diagnosis with reference to credibility criteria. The CRAAP test or similar framework is applied, though not necessarily to every source individually. The explanation goes beyond simply labelling sources as “peer-reviewed” and addresses relevance to the specific diagnosis. Some entries may lack depth of analysis. Explanation of source quality is present but superficial — the primary justification is that sources are “peer-reviewed” or “credible” without meaningful application of credibility criteria. The connection between each source’s content and the specific clinical diagnosis chosen is weak or implied rather than directly stated. The CRAAP framework may be mentioned but not applied. No explanation of why the sources provide quality evidence is offered. The section is absent, or the only justification given is that the sources were “found online” or “seem reliable.” No credibility framework is applied. The discussion does not engage with EBP concepts at any meaningful level.
    Competency 5b: Communicate in writing that is clear, logical, and professional with correct grammar and spelling; apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references with nearly flawless adherence Writing throughout the resource guide is clear, professional, and appropriately pitched for a practitioner audience — neither overly academic nor informal. Ideas flow logically between sections. Grammar, spelling, and punctuation are correct throughout with no distracting errors. APA 7th edition formatting is applied nearly flawlessly: in-text citations, reference list entries, headings, hanging indents, DOIs, and alphabetical order are all correct. Paper falls within 2–4 pages. At least 3 peer-reviewed sources within 5 years are cited. Writing is clear and well-organised with only minor errors that do not impede reading or professional usefulness. APA formatting is applied consistently with only occasional minor lapses (one missing DOI, one inconsistent heading). Paper meets the minimum length. At least 3 sources within the five-year window are cited. Writing contains recurring grammatical or mechanical errors that distract the reader or reduce the resource’s professional usability. Organisation is inconsistent. APA formatting errors appear across multiple entries or in-text citations. Paper may fall below minimum length or cite fewer than three sources. Writing is disorganised, unclear, or substantially below professional standard. APA citations and references are absent, consistently incorrect, or formatted in a non-APA style. Fewer than two sources are cited. Paper is substantially below the 2-page minimum.

    FlexPath Grading Note: NURS-FPX4030 uses competency-based evaluation. A minimum Proficient rating on all four criteria is required to pass Assessment 1. Since this assessment also establishes the diagnosis and EBP research foundation carried forward into Assessments 2 and 3, select your clinical focus carefully and ensure your database list is genuinely relevant to that diagnosis before submitting.

    NURS-FPX4030 Assessment 1: Locating Credible Databases and Research

    New nurses entering a medical-surgical floor often arrive with strong clinical training but limited practical experience with evidence-based research, which means the responsibility for bridging that gap falls squarely on the supervising nurse. One of the most effective communication strategies for encouraging research engagement is establishing a weekly brief — a 10-to-15-minute structured meeting at the start of a shift where one database finding relevant to a current patient diagnosis is shared and discussed collectively, a practice that normalises EBP inquiry as a routine part of clinical work rather than an added burden. When it comes to collaboration on resource access, pairing a new nurse with a senior colleague for a structured database orientation session using CINAHL Complete and PubMed as the entry points creates a hands-on learning moment that is far more effective than directing someone to a list of websites. For a patient presenting with Type 2 diabetes mellitus on a medical-surgical unit, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews offers the highest level of synthesised evidence available and is the appropriate starting point for confirming whether an intervention like patient-centred diabetes education or structured medication titration is supported by the broadest body of research, rather than a single study. Applying the CRAAP test to each retrieved source — checking that it was published within the past five years, authored by a credentialed clinician or researcher, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and free from commercial bias — gives new nurses a repeatable, transferable framework for evaluating any source they encounter across any diagnosis in the future. According to Gagan and Bhatt (2020, AACN Advanced Critical Care), nurses who receive structured mentorship on EBP database navigation demonstrate significantly higher rates of sustained evidence use in clinical practice compared to those who receive only passive instruction, confirming that the supervisory communication strategies described above are not merely good practice but are evidence-based in their own right.

    References (APA 7th Edition Format)

    1. Gagan, M.J. & Bhatt, A. (2020). Mentoring nurses in evidence-based practice: A framework for clinical supervision. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 31(3), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2020956
    2. Lehane, E., Leahy-Warren, P., O’Riordan, C., Savage, E., Drennan, J., O’Tuathaigh, C., O’Connor, M., Corrigan, M., Burke, F. & Hegarty, J. (2019). Evidence-based practice education for healthcare professions: An expert view. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, 24(3), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2018-111019
    3. Melnyk, B.M., Tan, A., Hsieh, A.P. & Gallagher-Ford, L. (2021). Evidence-based practice culture and mentorship predict EBP implementation, nurse job satisfaction, and intent to stay: Support for the ARCC model. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(4), 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12524
    4. Saunders, H. & Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K. (2020). Nurses’ evidence-based practice beliefs and the role of evidence-based practice mentors at university hospitals in Finland. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 17(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12428
    5. Stevens, K.R. (2023). The impact of evidence-based practice in nursing and the next big ideas. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 18(2), Manuscript 4. https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol18No02Man04
  • Time Management Plan NR-351

    NR-351 Transitions in Professional Nursing Week 2 Assignment: Time Management Plan

    The purpose of this assignment is to assist you in developing effective time management strategies as you transition back into academic life while maintaining your professional role as a registered nurse. Balancing clinical responsibilities, family commitments, and the requirements of this BSN course demands intentional planning and regular self-assessment. By creating a concrete weekly schedule and reflecting on your current habits, you will identify areas for improvement and build skills that support long-term success in the program and your career.

    Download the Time Management Plan template located in the Week 2 Assignments area. Rename the file with your last name first (for example, Lando_Time_Management_Plan.docx). Complete all sections of the template using Microsoft Word. Submit the finished document by Sunday at 11:59 p.m. MT.

    Requirements

    1. Fill in the weekly schedule grid with realistic entries for sleep, work shifts, meals, study sessions, family time, exercise, and other activities across all seven days. Be specific and comprehensive.
    2. Type your full name in the Academic Integrity attestation box to confirm you have viewed the tutorial and completed the assignment yourself.
    3. Answer the two questions about plagiarism in your own words, providing a clear example and a practical prevention strategy.
    4. In the self-evaluation section, identify your two or three greatest time management challenges with specific examples from your schedule. Then describe three concrete strategies you will use to address those challenges and succeed in this course.

    Grading Rubric Total Possible Points: 150

    • Schedule Completion (50 points): Weekly grid is fully completed with detailed, realistic activities for each time slot and day.
    • Academic Integrity Section (20 points): Attestation signed and both questions answered accurately and thoughtfully.
    • Identification of Challenges (40 points): Challenges are clearly described with relevant, specific examples drawn from personal schedule and circumstances.
    • Proposed Strategies (30 points): Strategies are specific, actionable, and directly linked to identified challenges, demonstrating realistic planning.
    • Clarity, Writing Mechanics, and Professional Presentation (10 points): Content is well-organized, uses professional language, and is free of major grammar or spelling errors.

    Sample Student Response 

    Balancing full-time night shifts with BSN coursework has highlighted the need for better structure in my days. I blocked out consistent study times in the afternoons after sleeping, which previously I had left open for low-value activities. Family commitments are non-negotiable, so I scheduled them early in the evening before work. Time management training has been shown to improve prioritization skills among nurses, leading to better performance under pressure (Vizeshfar et al., 2022). The biggest challenge was identifying how much time was lost to unplanned scrolling on my phone between shifts. With a weekly review built into Sunday mornings, I can adjust the plan as the semester progresses and maintain steady progress toward my degree while avoiding burnout.

    References

    Vizeshfar, F., Rakhshan, M., Shirazi, F. and Dokoohaki, R. (2022) ‘The effect of time management education on critical care nurses’ prioritization: a randomized clinical trial’, Acute and Critical Care, 37(2), pp. 202–208. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.01123. Linton, M., Dabney, B.W., Knecht, L. and Koonmen, J. (2019) ‘Student expectations of an RN-to-BSN program: A qualitative analysis of student and faculty perspectives’, SAGE Open Nursing, 5. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2377960819897250. Iheduru-Anderson, K.C. (2021) ‘Students’ perspectives of factors related to delayed completion or withdrawal from online RN-BSN programs’, Nursing Outlook, 69(3), pp. 317-326. Alshammari, M. (2025) ‘Nursing graduates transition to practice and factors affecting their readiness: a comparative study between Ha’il and Kuwait’, Frontiers in Education. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1713395. Arpacı, R. (2025) ‘Impacts of 21st-Century Time Traps, Time Management, and Mental Well-Being on Job Performance in Nurses’, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences.

  • NURS 4220 Week 5 Capstone QI Project Paper Part II

    NURS 4220: Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare

    Week 5 Capstone Paper Part II – Quality Improvement Project Plan

    Course and Assessment

    Course code/title: NURS 4220 – Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare (BSN capstone/practicum core)
    Program level: BSN completion  QI project format)
    Assessment label: Week 5 Assignment – Capstone Paper Part II: EBP QI Plan and Resources (Capstone Project Milestone 2)
    Assessment type: Individual written quality improvement project proposal
    Length requirement: 3–4 page paper (approximately 1,000–1,400 words), excluding title page, references, and appendices
    Weighting: 25–30% of course grade
    Submission format: APA 7th edition paper with clearly labeled QI plan sections; LMS submission

    Assignment Overview

    The NURS 4220 capstone sequence builds toward a comprehensive quality improvement project. Part II focuses specifically on evidence-based interventions and the resources required for implementation. Students propose a realistic quality improvement initiative that addresses a clinical or organizational problem identified in Part I. The assignment emphasizes leadership competencies including systems thinking, interprofessional collaboration, ethical decision-making, and change management within complex healthcare environments.

    Learning Outcomes

    Upon successful completion of this assignment, students will be able to:

    • Develop an evidence-based quality improvement plan using recognized improvement models such as PDSA, DMAIC, or Lean.

    • Identify and justify human, financial, technological, and material resources required for implementation.

    • Demonstrate leadership competencies in planning organizational change that improves patient safety or quality outcomes.

    • Articulate measurable outcomes and describe evaluation strategies aligned with quality improvement standards.

    Project Context

    The Week 5 paper builds directly on the practice problem identified in Weeks 2–3. Examples include:

    • Reducing hospital-acquired pressure injuries

    • Improving medication reconciliation accuracy

    • Enhancing hand hygiene compliance

    • Reducing patient falls on a medical-surgical unit

    If a specific issue was not previously assigned, students may select a realistic unit-level issue from their practicum site.

    Example Practice Problem

    A medical-surgical unit reports a high rate of patient falls, currently 12 falls per 1,000 patient days, exceeding national safety benchmarks.

    Task Instructions

    Write a 3–4 page APA-formatted paper using the required headings below. Support all sections with current scholarly evidence from leadership and quality improvement literature.

    Evidence-Based Practice Quality Improvement Plan Explanation (2–3 Paragraphs)

    • Clearly describe the proposed QI intervention or interventions, grounded in 3–5 recent scholarly studies or professional guidelines.

    • Identify the selected QI framework, such as the Plan–Do–Study–Act cycle, and outline implementation steps, timeline, and involved stakeholders.

    • Discuss anticipated barriers, such as staff resistance, workflow disruption, or resource limitations, and present mitigation strategies that demonstrate leadership foresight.

    Project Resources (1–2 Paragraphs)

    Identify and justify the resources necessary for implementation, including:

    • Human resources: Registered nurses, nurse aides, nurse educators, unit champions, interdisciplinary team members.

    • Material resources: Educational materials, signage, checklists, technology supports.

    • Financial resources: Budget allocations, staff education time, shift differentials.

    • Informational resources: Electronic health record tools, audit systems, reporting dashboards.

    Explain why each resource is essential and provide estimated cost considerations or availability factors where appropriate.

    Expected Outcomes and Evaluation (1 Paragraph)

    • Define two to three SMART outcomes. For example, a 30 percent reduction in falls within three months.

    • Describe data collection methods such as incident reports, EHR audits, rounding logs, or compliance checklists.

    • Explain the evaluation plan using tools such as run charts, trend analysis, or comparative benchmarks.

    Personal Leadership Reflection (Short Paragraph)

    Reflect on how the project demonstrates two to three leadership competencies addressed in the course, such as collaboration, advocacy, systems thinking, or change management. Provide a concise example of how you would lead stakeholders through implementation.

    Formatting and Academic Integrity

    • Length: 3–4 pages of main content.

    • References: 5–7 scholarly sources published between 2018 and 2026.

    • APA 7th edition formatting required.

    • Appendices: Optional QI flowchart or implementation timeline.

    • Originality: The project must be site-specific or realistically applicable, with accurate citation of all sources.

    Analytic Scoring Rubric – Capstone Paper Part II

    Evaluation criteria include problem relevance, strength of evidence, feasibility of the plan, justification of resources, clarity of outcomes, leadership insight, and scholarly writing quality.

    QI Plan Explanation (40 Points)

    • Exemplary (36–40): Strong evidence base, clearly articulated QI model, detailed timeline and stakeholder engagement, insightful barrier analysis.

    • Proficient (32–35): Solid plan supported by appropriate evidence with minor gaps.

    • Developing (28–31): Feasible plan but limited evidence or vague implementation steps.

    • Needs Improvement (27 or below): Unrealistic or unsupported plan.

    Project Resources (25 Points)

    • Exemplary (23–25): Comprehensive, categorized, and realistic resources with strong justification and cost awareness.

    • Proficient (20–22): Adequate resource identification with rationale.

    • Developing (17–19): Incomplete or vaguely described resources.

    • Needs Improvement (16 or below): Minimal or unrealistic planning.

    Outcomes and Evaluation (15 Points)

    • Exemplary (14–15): Clearly defined SMART outcomes with robust evaluation methods.

    • Proficient (12–13): Measurable outcomes with basic evaluation strategy.

    • Developing (10–11): Measurable outcomes but weak evaluation plan.

    • Needs Improvement (9 or below): Outcomes unclear or absent.

    Leadership Reflection (10 Points)

    • Exemplary (9–10): Insightful and specific linkage to course competencies.

    • Proficient (8): Relevant but general reflection.

    • Developing (7): Limited insight.

    • Needs Improvement (6 or below): Superficial or missing.

    Scholarly Writing and APA (10 Points)

    • Exemplary (9–10): Clear, polished academic writing with accurate APA formatting.

    • Proficient (8): Minor APA or clarity issues.

    • Developing (7): Noticeable writing or formatting errors.

    • Needs Improvement (6 or below): Major academic writing flaws.

    Sample Discussion Guide

    Effective quality improvement initiatives in nursing leadership require structured implementation models, interdisciplinary collaboration, and rigorous outcome evaluation to ensure sustainability within complex healthcare systems. The Plan–Do–Study–Act framework provides a systematic method for testing changes on a small scale before wider adoption, thereby reducing organizational risk and increasing stakeholder engagement. Empirical evidence demonstrates that purposeful rounding and structured safety interventions significantly reduce fall rates when compliance is consistently monitored and reinforced through leadership accountability mechanisms (Todd, Cash and Gonzalez, 2022). Integrating evidence-based strategies with leadership competencies such as communication, change management, and systems thinking strengthens both patient safety outcomes and team cohesion across clinical settings.

    Scholarly References

    Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2023. How-to guide: Prevent harm from high-alert medications. Available at: http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Tools/HowtoGuidePreventHarmHighAlertMedications.aspx (Accessed 19 February 2026).

    Todd, B., Cash, K. and Gonzalez, J., 2022. Purposeful rounding in acute care: A best evidence synthesis. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 19(1), pp.51–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12545

    Patmon, B.E., Gee, E.M., Johnson, D., Loughman, J.A., Maxwell, C.A., Prastein, L., Ruppert, E., Simones, J., Snyder, B. and Staggers, K., 2021. Quality improvement project to reduce patient falls in a central New York hospital. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 36(4), pp.323–329. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000545

    von Lengerke, T., Lutze, B., Krauth, C., von Kiel, K., Stahmeyer, J.T. and Raspe, H., 2019. Promoting patient safety and preventing hospital-acquired infections through hourly rounding: A quality improvement project. Health Services Research, 54(S2), pp.1240–1248. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13219

    White, K.M., Dudley-Brown, S. and Terhaar, M.F., 2021. Translation of evidence into nursing and health care. 3rd ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

    Melnyk, B.M. and Fineout-Overholt, E., 2019. Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: A guide to best practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.

  • NRS-493 Individual Success Plan GCU RN-to-BSN Capstone Practicum

    Planning is the foundation of a successful capstone practicum, and the NRS-493 Individual Success Plan gives RN-to-BSN students a structured framework to map every required deliverable before the semester begins. A well-completed ISP documents not just scheduled completion dates for each assignment but also a deliberate alignment between coursework and the GCU programmatic domains, making professional accountability visible to both the student and the preceptor. Clinical hours carry significant weight in this course, so students who treat their ISP as a living document rather than a one-time submission consistently manage their 100 direct and 25 indirect hours with far less last-minute pressure. The evidence is clear that intentional goal-setting improves academic performance in practice-based nursing programs, a point reinforced by Levett-Jones et al. (2018), whose research demonstrates that structured clinical learning frameworks meaningfully increase students’ capacity for self-directed professional development. Completing the ISP with precision at the start of the term and revisiting it honestly at the end-of-semester review stage is therefore less a formality than a professional skill in its own right.

    NRS-493: Professional Capstone and Practicum
    Individual Success Plan (ISP) – Opening Form & End-of-Semester Review

    Assignment Overview

    Course: NRS-493 – Professional Capstone and Practicum
    Program: RN-to-BSN, College of Nursing and Health Care Professions
    Institution: Grand Canyon University (GCU)
    Assignment Type: Structured Template Completion (Two-Stage Submission)
    Due: Stage 1 – Topic 1 | Stage 2 (End-of-Semester Review) – Topic 10
    Points: 100 points per stage (200 points total)
    LopesWrite: Not required for either submission
    APA Format: Not required; template fields guide all responses
    Required Practice Hours: 100 Direct Clinical Experience (50 hours Community / 50 hours Leadership) + 25 Indirect Clinical Experience Hours

    Purpose and Context

    The Individual Success Plan (ISP) is the foundational planning instrument for NRS-493. At Grand Canyon University, the ISP serves as a formal contract between the student, the course faculty, and the approved practicum preceptor. It documents the student’s intention and timeline for completing all required clinical practice hours and aligns every graded course deliverable to the GCU RN-to-BSN University Mission Critical Competencies and the Programmatic Domains and Competencies.

    The ISP is not an academic paper. It is a structured form submitted in two stages:

    • Stage 1 (Topic 1): The student completes the opening ISP template, confirming contact information, preceptor details, a signed agreement, a completion timeline for all course assignments, and a forward-looking self-assessment of how each deliverable addresses the relevant GCU RN-to-BSN Domains and Competencies.
    • Stage 2 (Topic 10): The student revisits the completed ISP and submits an End-of-Semester Review that reflects on how the program competencies were actually met over the course of the semester.

    Planning is the key to successful completion of this course and program-related objectives. The ISP assignment requires early collaboration with the course faculty and your approved practicum preceptor. Both parties must confirm, via signature, that all expectations are understood at the outset and fulfilled at the close of the course.

    Required Practice Hours Summary

    • 50 direct community clinical practice experience hours
    • 50 direct leadership clinical practice experience hours
    • 25 indirect clinical practice experience hours

    Important: Completing the ISP form itself does not count toward clinical practice experience hours. Telephone conference time and time spent with your preceptor outside of documented clinical activities also do not count toward the required hours.

    General Requirements

    Use the following information to ensure successful completion of each assignment as it pertains to deliverables due in this course:

    1. Use the official GCU ISP template to develop your personal plan for completing your clinical practice experience hours and to self-assess how you will meet the GCU RN-to-BSN University Mission Critical Competencies and the Programmatic Domains and Competencies (Appendix A) related to this course.
    2. Show all major deliverables in the course, identify the topic and course objectives that apply to each deliverable, and align each deliverable to the applicable University Mission Critical Competencies and the course-specific Domains and Competencies (see Appendix A).
    3. Within the ISP, identify all graded course assignments and indirect clinical assignments listed in the table provided in the template.
    4. Specify the date by which you will complete each assignment.
    5. The ISP plan must include a plan for successful completion of the required 50 community direct clinical practice hours, 50 leadership direct clinical hours, and 25 indirect clinical experience hours.
    6. Work associated with program competency completion and the student’s capstone project change proposal must be mapped and dated within the form.
    7. The MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) must be signed and uploaded to the instructor in LoudCloud via the Individual Forum prior to beginning clinical hours.
    8. By typing a signature in the designated field, the student agrees to have read, understood, and accepted accountability for all instructions, assignments, and hours shown.
    9. The preceptor will co-sign the ISP at the start and at the end of the course to confirm that assignments were completed with their guidance.
    10. This assignment uses a rubric. Review the rubric in LoudCloud prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    ISP Template Sections to Complete

    Section A: Contact Information

    Provide complete, current contact details for the student, course faculty, and practicum preceptor, including name, GCU email address, phone number, and practice setting.

    Section B: MOU Confirmation

    Confirm whether the MOU has been signed and uploaded to the instructor in LoudCloud via the Individual Forum. If an existing Affiliation Agreement is already on file, indicate this in the designated field.

    Section C: Course Deliverables Table

    Complete the deliverables table by listing every graded assignment and indirect clinical activity in the course. For each deliverable, record:

    • Assignment or activity title
    • Corresponding topic number
    • Applicable course objectives
    • Aligned GCU University Mission Critical Competencies
    • Aligned Programmatic Domains and Competencies (Appendix A)
    • Target completion date
    • Student signature confirming commitment

    Section D: Clinical Hours Log Plan

    Map out how and where you will accumulate the required 100 direct and 25 indirect hours across the 10-week course, including the clinical sites, types of activities, and projected hours per week in both the community and leadership tracks.

    Section E: Self-Assessment of Programmatic Competencies (Stage 1)

    For each of the GCU RN-to-BSN Domains and Competencies listed in Appendix A, write a brief forward-looking statement that describes how you plan to meet that competency through your coursework and clinical activities during this course.

    Section F: End-of-Semester Reflection (Stage 2 – Topic 10 Only)

    At the end of the semester, return to the ISP and complete the End-of-Semester Review. For each programmatic competency previously addressed in Section E, write a retrospective self-assessment describing how and to what extent the competency was achieved. Provide specific examples from clinical experiences, written assignments, or interactions with your preceptor that demonstrate competency attainment. Additionally:

    • Discuss why evidence-based practice (EBP) is an essential component of BSN-prepared nursing practice.
    • Identify two ways in which you will continue to integrate evidence into your practice and encourage it within your work environment.
    • Identify obstacles that could challenge this plan and explain the steps you will take to minimize their impact.

    GCU RN-to-BSN Mission Critical Competencies Addressed

    The ISP directly supports the following GCU University Mission Critical Competencies:

    • MC1 – Effective Communication: Students demonstrate ethical responsibility in verbal and written communication, using nursing terminology and taxonomies within professional and therapeutic contexts.
    • MC2 – Critical Thinking: Students analyze, synthesize, and evaluate scientific evidence to improve patient outcomes and professional practice.
    • MC3 – Christian Worldview: Students apply a Christian worldview within a global society and examine ethical issues from a clearly articulated system of professional values.
    • MC4 – Global Awareness: Students consider the impact of cultural and global diversity on healthcare delivery and nursing practice.
    • MC5 – Life-long Learning: Students commit to professional development and continuous improvement throughout their careers.

    GCU RN-to-BSN Programmatic Domains and Competencies (Appendix A Summary)

    All ISP deliverables must be aligned to the following five programmatic domains:

    1. Domain 1 – Professional Identity: Exemplify professionalism in diverse health care settings; exercise professional nursing leadership and management roles in the promotion of patient safety and quality; participate in health care policy development; advocate for autonomy and social justice for individuals and diverse populations.
    2. Domain 2 – Knowledge for Nursing Practice: Incorporate liberal arts and science studies into nursing; comprehend nursing concepts and health theories; understand and value the processes of critical thinking, ethical reasoning, and decision making.
    3. Domain 3 – Population Health: Utilize the nursing process to provide safe and effective care across the lifespan; implement patient care decisions based on evidence-based practice; provide individualized education to diverse patient populations; demonstrate professional standards of practice.
    4. Domain 4 – Technology and Informatics: Utilize patient care technology and information management systems; promote interprofessional collaborative communication with health care teams to provide safe and effective care.
    5. Domain 5 – Holistic Care: Understand the human experience across the health-illness continuum; assess for spiritual needs and provide appropriate interventions for individuals, families, and groups.

    Benchmark Information

    The ISP (End-of-Semester Review) is a benchmark assignment. It assesses the following programmatic competencies:

    • RN to BSN 1.1: Exemplify professionalism in diverse health care settings
    • RN to BSN 2.2: Comprehend nursing concepts and health theories
    • RN to BSN 3.2: Implement patient care decisions based on evidence-based practice

    Submission Instructions

    • Download the official NRS-493 ISP template from LoudCloud before beginning.
    • Complete all fields in the template using the GCU-provided form.
    • Upload the completed Stage 1 ISP to the Topic 1 assignment drop box in LoudCloud by the due date specified in the course syllabus.
    • Upload the completed Stage 2 End-of-Semester Review to the Topic 10 assignment drop box.
    • Ensure the preceptor co-signature section is completed at both stages prior to submission.
    • LopesWrite submission is not required for this assignment.

    Scoring Rubric – NRS-493 Individual Success Plan (ISP)

    This assignment uses a rubric. Review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. Each stage (Opening ISP and End-of-Semester Review) is scored separately on a 100-point scale.

    Stage 1 – Opening ISP Rubric (100 Points Total)

    Criterion Unsatisfactory (0–69%) Less Than Satisfactory (70–75%) Satisfactory (76–79%) Good (80–89%) Excellent (90–100%) Points
    Contact Information and MOU Confirmation Contact information is missing or largely incomplete. MOU confirmation is absent. Contact information is present for some parties but incomplete. MOU status is unclear or unconfirmed. Contact information is provided for all parties with minor omissions. MOU status is noted but not fully documented. Contact information is complete for all parties. MOU confirmation is present with only minor formatting gaps. Contact information is fully complete and accurate for student, faculty, and preceptor. MOU confirmation is clearly documented and uploaded to LoudCloud. 15
    Deliverables Table – Completeness and Accuracy The deliverables table is missing or most assignments are not listed. Fewer than half of the required graded assignments and indirect clinical activities are listed. Dates and competency alignment are largely absent. Most graded assignments are listed. Some target dates are missing or competency alignment is incomplete. All or nearly all graded assignments and indirect activities are listed with target dates. Competency alignment is present for most deliverables with minor gaps. All graded assignments and indirect clinical activities are listed accurately. Target completion dates are realistic and specific. All deliverables are correctly aligned to topic objectives and programmatic competencies. 30
    Clinical Hours Plan (Community and Leadership Tracks) No clinical hours plan is provided. A partial hours plan is present but does not address both required tracks (community and leadership) or the indirect hours requirement. Both tracks are addressed but the plan lacks specificity regarding sites, activities, or weekly hour distribution. Both the community and leadership tracks are addressed with reasonable specificity. Indirect hours are accounted for. Minor details are missing. A detailed and realistic plan for all 100 direct hours (50 community / 50 leadership) and 25 indirect hours is provided, including identified clinical sites, planned activities, and a weekly distribution schedule. 25
    Forward-Looking Competency Self-Assessment Self-assessment of programmatic competencies is absent. Self-assessment addresses fewer than three competency domains and lacks specificity or meaningful connection to planned coursework. Self-assessment addresses most competency domains with a general statement for each. The connection to specific planned activities is present but underdeveloped. Self-assessment clearly addresses all major competency domains. Planned strategies for achieving each competency are described with adequate specificity. Self-assessment is thorough, domain-specific, and clearly linked to planned assignments and clinical activities. Strategies for meeting each competency reflect professional self-awareness and realistic planning. 20
    Student and Preceptor Signature Confirmation No signatures are present. Student signature is present but preceptor signature is missing. Both signatures are present but the preceptor confirmation section is incomplete or unclear. Both the student and preceptor signatures are present. The signed agreement section is complete with minor formatting issues. Both student and preceptor signatures are present and complete. The student has confirmed they have read, understood, and accepted accountability for all requirements and hours shown in the ISP. 10
    Total Points (Stage 1 – Opening ISP) 100

     

    Stage 2 – End-of-Semester Review Rubric (100 Points Total)

    Criterion Unsatisfactory (0–69%) Less Than Satisfactory (70–75%) Satisfactory (76–79%) Good (80–89%) Excellent (90–100%) Points
    Retrospective Competency Self-Assessment End-of-semester self-assessment is absent or does not address programmatic competencies. Self-assessment is present but addresses fewer than three competency domains. Specific examples from clinical experience are absent or vague. Self-assessment addresses most competency domains. Some specific examples from clinical work, assignments, or preceptor interactions are included but lack depth. Self-assessment addresses all competency domains with relevant examples. Reflection on actual competency attainment is clear and largely complete. Self-assessment is comprehensive and domain-specific. Specific, verifiable examples from clinical hours, capstone work, and course deliverables are provided for each domain. The reflection demonstrates genuine professional growth and critical self-evaluation. 40
    EBP Discussion – Importance, Integration, and Barriers The EBP reflection component is absent. The importance of EBP is mentioned but not meaningfully explained in relation to BSN practice. Integration strategies and barrier identification are missing or superficial. EBP’s importance is explained with a general rationale. At least one integration strategy is identified. Barriers are noted but steps to minimize them are underdeveloped. EBP’s importance is clearly discussed with nursing-specific rationale. Two integration strategies are identified. At least one barrier is addressed with a practical mitigation plan. EBP’s importance is discussed with depth and nursing-specific evidence. Two distinct integration strategies are described in a way that reflects the student’s actual practice environment. Two or more barriers are identified with specific, realistic steps for minimizing their impact. 30
    Hours Verification and Completion Documentation No documentation of completed hours is provided. Hours documentation is present but significantly incomplete. Community and/or leadership tracks are not separately accounted for. Hours are documented for both tracks. Indirect hours are noted. Minor discrepancies or gaps in documentation exist. All required hours are documented with clear designation of community, leadership, and indirect categories. Documentation is nearly complete. All 100 direct clinical hours (50 community / 50 leadership) and 25 indirect hours are fully documented, accurately categorized, and verified. Documentation reflects the originally planned timeline with appropriate notes on any deviations. 20
    End-of-Course Preceptor Signature Confirmation End-of-course preceptor signature is absent. Preceptor signature section is incomplete or the confirmation statement is missing. Preceptor signature is present. The confirmation that assignments were completed under preceptor guidance is noted but not fully documented. Preceptor signature confirms completion of assignments under preceptor guidance with minor documentation gaps. Preceptor signature fully confirms that all coursework and clinical hours were completed as planned under their guidance. The end-of-course confirmation section is complete and clearly documented. 10
    Total Points (Stage 2 – End-of-Semester Review) 100

     References

    1. Levett-Jones, T., Cant, R., & Lapkin, S. (2019). The effectiveness of empathy education for undergraduate nursing students: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 75, 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2019.01.006
    2. Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher-Ford, L., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2021). Implementing the evidence-based practice (EBP) competencies in healthcare: A practical guide for improving quality, safety, and outcomes. Sigma Theta Tau International. https://www.nursingknowledge.org
    3. Sherwood, G., & Barnsteiner, J. (Eds.). (2021). Quality and safety in nursing: A competency approach to improving outcomes (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119538851
    4. American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). (2021). The essentials: Core competencies for professional nursing education. AACN. https://www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/42/AcademicNursing/pdf/Essentials-2021.pdf
    5. Poorchangizi, B., Borhani, F., Abbaszadeh, A., Mirzaee, M., & Farokhzadian, J. (2019). The importance of professional values from nursing students’ perspective. BMC Nursing, 18(1), Article 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0351-2